NTUT Academic Writing: Concrete Support– Quotations, Paraphrases, and Summaries

1. NTUT Academic Writing: Concrete Support– Quotations, Paraphrases, and Summaries

2. Reporting Verbs & Phrases • Common reporting terms: • According to; insist; report; suggest; claim; maintain; say; write; declare; mention; state.

3. Rules of Reporting Verbs & Phrases • 1. Can appear before, in the middle of, or after a quotation. • Ex. Dr. Karsten said, “_________.” “________,” the doctor stated, “___________.” “_______________,” declared the president of IOC. • 2. Can be used with or without the subordinator as. • Ex. (As) a spokesperson of the IOC suggested, “___________.” • 3. Reporting verbs may be in ANY TENSE. • Ex. As the IOC stated/states in its report after the games in Atlanta, “__________.” As the IOC has always insisted, “______________.” • 4. “According to” can be used to replace a reporting verb. • Ex. According to the IOC, “_______________.” • 5. It is a good idea to include the source of the quotation in the sentence. • Ex. According to a report published by the IOC, “__________.”

4. Punctuating Direct Quotations • 1. Dr. Wang, a well-known astrophysicist who has been studying black holes, said it is one of the most interesting phenomena we astrophysicists have ever studied. • 2. As she explained in black holes the laws of nature do not seem to apply. • 3. A black hole is a tiny point with the mass 25 times the mass of our sun explained Wang’s associate, Chun-Yi Su. Black holes are created by the death of a very large star she stated. • 4. It is an invisible vacuum cleaner in space the added with tremendous gravitational pull. • 5. According to Dr. Su, if a person falls into a black hole, he will eventually be crushed due to the tremendous gravitational forces.

5. Direct Quotations

6. Indirect Quotations (verb tenses)

7. Changing Direct Quotations to Indirect Quotations • 1. Omit quotation marks; • 2. Add the subordinate that (omit that if the meaning is clear); • 3. Change the verb tense if necessary; • 4. Change pronouns as necessary.

8. Examples

9. Sequence of Tenses Rules

10. Other Tenses Rules • 1. When the quoted information is a fact or a general truth, the verb tense in the quotation does not change. • Ex. He said, “Water boils at a lower temperature in the mountains.” (He said that water boils at a lower temperature in the mountains.) • 2. When the reporting verb is simple present, present perfect, or future, the verb tense in the quotation does not change. • Ex. He says, “I can finish it today.” (He says that he can finish it today.) • 3. When the reporting phrase is “according to,” the verb tense does not change. • Ex. Gupta said, “Anyone I meet on the Internet will probable be professional and educated.”(According to Gupta, anyone he meets on the internet will probably be professional and educated.)

11. Change direct quotations to indirect ones • 1. Television channel KSA General Manager Jim Burns said, “Not every can attend college in the traditional way; therefore, taking courses via television will offer many more students the chance to earn a college degree.” • 2. Pre-med student Alma Rodriguez said, “I miss being on campus, but I have to work and take care of my family.” • 3. Other students said, “Last year, we spent several hours a day commuting to and from school. Now we don’t have to do that.” • 4. Computer engineering student Amir Mehdizadeh stated, “I can choose when to study and how to study without pressure.” he also said, “I will take two more telecourses in the fall.”

12. Paraphrase • When paraphrasing, it is important to avoid plagiarizing. • In other words, avoid writing a paragraph that is too similar to the original. • A paraphrase is unacceptable when it contains the same vocabulary and sentence structure as the original.

13. Examples of acceptable and unacceptable paraphrases

15. Summaries • A summary is similar to a paraphrase except that a summary is shorter. • When you summarize, you compress large amounts of information into the fewest possible sentences. • To do this, you include only the main ideas and supporting points, leaving out the details. • However, just as you paraphrase, you must not change the meaning of the original.

16. Examples

17. Assignment: Paraphrase and Summarize the Passage

18. Facts Versus Opinions • In very formal academic writing, even some statements that are considered facts need further support. In other words, they need specific supporting details in order to be completely convincing.

19. Test Yourselves • 1. Smoking is relaxing and, therefore, enjoyable. • 2. Dr. Kathleen Parker, a well-known cancer specialist, recently admitted in an interview, “Although I see the harmful effects of smoking nearly every day in my work, I still enjoy relaxing with a cigarette after dinner.” • 3. Early in the next decade, more women than men will die of lung cancer, according to the American Cancer Society. • 4. According to a recent New York Times article, cigarette smoking is increasing among adults in their forties as well as among the college educated and those earning more than $35,000 annually. • 5. Red-light runners must take a driver’s education class. Then they will become safer drivers.

20. Documenting Sources of Information • Be sure to give proper credit to the originators of the ideas lest you will be guilty of plagiarism. • Two basic steps to documenting your sources: • 1. In-Text Citations: provide names and page number(s); if the author’s name is already mentioned, do not repeat the name in the citation; if quoted from an encyclopedia, only the name of the author (if provided) and the title of the article should be cited; if you use someone’s words that are quoted in a source written by someone else, begin the citation with the abbreviation qtd. in.

21. 2. A list of works cited: list names in alphabetical order; (the example)