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Biotechnology!

Biotechnology!. By: Lily katzeff , Gabrielle katzenelson , griffin tokuhara , sabryn trombacco. Vocabulary. Biotechnology : the exploitation of biological processes for industrial and other purposes

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Biotechnology!

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  1. Biotechnology! By: Lily katzeff, Gabrielle katzenelson, griffin tokuhara, sabryntrombacco

  2. Vocabulary • Biotechnology: the exploitation of biological processes for industrial and other purposes • Selective Breeding: method of breeding that allows only those individual organisms with desired characteristics to produce the next generation (Humans use selective breeding) • Hybridization: breeding technique that involves crossing dissimilar individuals to bring together the best traits of both organisms • Inbreeding: continued breeding of individuals with similar characteristics to maintain the desired characteristics of a line of organisms (Dog breeders use this technique) • Genetic Engineering: process of making changes in the DNA code of living organisms • Restriction Enzymes: enzymes that cut DNA at a specific sequence of nucleotides • Gel Electrophoresis: procedure used to separate and analyze DNA fragments by placing a mixture of DNA fragments at one end of the porous gel and applying an electrical voltage to the gel

  3. Vocabulary • Recombinant DNA: DNA produced by combining DNA from different sources • Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR): technique that allows molecular biologists to make any copies of a particular gene • Plasmid: small circular piece of DNA • Genetic Marker: A gene that makes it possible to distinguish bacteria that carry a plasmid with foreign DNA from those that don’t • Transgenic: term used to refer to an organism that contains genes from other organisms • Clone: member of a population of genetically identical cells produced from a single cells • Genetically Manipulated Organism (GMO): organisms that have had genetic materials moved and/or inserted in order to change one or more particular traits of an organism

  4. In 1996, cloning was revolutionized when Ian Wilmut and his colleagues at the Roslin­ Institute in Edinburgh, Scotland, successfully cloned a sheep named Dolly. Dolly was the first cloned mammal. Cloning ­Wilmut and his colleagues transplanted a nucleus from a mammary gland cell of a Finn Dorsett sheep into the enucleated egg of a Scottish blackface ewe. The nucleus-egg combination was stimulated with electricity to fuse the two and to stimulate cell division. The new cell divided and was placed in the uterus of a blackface ewe to develop. Dolly was born months later. Dolly was shown to be genetically identical to the Finn Dorsett mammary cells and not to the blackface ewe, which clearly demonstrated that she was a successful clone (it took 276 attempts before the experiment was successful). Dolly has since grown and reproduced several offspring of her own through normal sexual means. Therefore, Dolly is a viable, healthy clone.

  5. Stem cells • Stem cells are biological cells found in all multicellular organisms, that can divide (through miosis) and differentiate into diverse specialized cell types and can self-renew to produce more stem cells. • Stem cells can be taken from the umbilical cord, just after birth • The primitive stem cells located in the organs of fetuses are referred to as fetal stem cells • Also known as somatic stem cells and germlinestem cells, they can be found in children, as well as adults • There are 3 accessible sources autologous adult stem cells in humans: • Bone Marrow • Adipose Tissue (lipid cells) • Blood

  6. Gel electrophoresis Gel Electrophoresis is used to separate DNA fragments. First restriction enzymes cut DNA into fragments. The DNA fragments are then poured into wells on a gel, which is similar to a thick piece of gelatin. An electric voltage moves the DNA fragments across the gel. Because longer fragments of DNA move slower than shorter fragments. Based on the size the DNA fragments make a pattern of bands on the gel.

  7. Gene therapy • Gene Therapy is the use of DNA as a pharmaceutical agent to treat disease

  8. Key concepts • Humans use selective breeding which takes advantage of naturally occurring genetic variation in plants, animals, and other organisms, to pass desired traits on to the next generation of organisms • Breeders can increase the genetic variation in a population by inducing mutations, which are the ultimate source of genetic variability • Scientist use their knowledge of the structure of DNA and its chemical properties to study and change DNA molecules. Different techniques are used to extract DNA from cells, to cut DNA into smaller pieces, to identify the sequence of bases in a DNA molecule, and to make unlimited copies of DNA.

  9. Key concepts continued • During transformation, a cell takes in DNA from outside the cell. This external DNA becomes a component of the cell’s DNA. • If transformation is successful, the recombinant DNA is integrated into one of the chromosomes of the cell. • Genetic engineering has spurred the growth of biotechnology, which is a new industry that is changing the way we interact with the living world.

  10. Question 1 • ____________ is a cross between dissimilar individuals to bring together their best characteristics. • Genetic Engineering • Hybridization • Sequencing • In breeding

  11. Question 2 Breeding New Organisms Can be accomplished through 1 2 including using 3 Inbreeding Recombinant DNA

  12. Question 3 3. Crossing individuals with similar characteristics so that those characteristics will appear in the offspring • Inbreeding • Electrophoresis • Hybridization • Genetic Engineering

  13. Question 4 Varieties of pure bred dogs are maintained by • Selective Breeding • Hybridization • Inbreeding • Genetic Engineering

  14. Question 5 Changing the DNA of an organism is called: • Genetic Engineering • Hybridization • Selective Breeding • Inbreeding

  15. Question 6 Organisms that have genes of other organisms are called: • Transgenic • Mutagenic • Donor organisms • Cloned organisms

  16. Question 7 A member of a population of genetically identical cells produced of a single cell is called: • Clone • Plasmid • Mutant • Sequence

  17. Question 8 Bacteria often contains small circular molecule of DNA known as: • Clones • Restriction Enzyme • Plasmids • Hybrids

  18. Question 9 When a cell transformation is successful the recombinant DNA • Undergoes Mutation • Treated with Antibiotics • Becomes part of the transformed cells Genome • Becomes a nucleus

  19. Question 10 DNA can be cut into short sequences by proteins known as • Restriction Enzymes • Plasmids • Mutagens • Clones

  20. Answers to the quiz questions • B • Visual Thinking • Selective Breeding • Transgenic • Mutations 3. A 4.C 5.A 6.A 7.A 8.C 9.C 10.A

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