Luke 19:39-40

1. Luke 19:39-40 39And some of the Pharisees from among the multitude said unto him, Master, rebuke thy disciples. 40 And he answered and said unto them, I tell you that, if these should hold their peace, the stones would immediately cry out.

2. The Fossil Record Timothy G. Standish, Ph. D.

3. Missing Links and the Fossil Record “But just in proportion as this process of extermination has acted on an enormous scale, so must the number of intermediate varieties, which have formerly existed, be truly enormous. Why then is not every geological formation and every stratum full of such intermediate links? Geology assuredly does not reveal any such finely graduated organic chain; and this, perhaps, is the most obvious and serious objection which can be urged against the theory. The explanation lies, as I believe, in the extreme imperfection of the geological record.” Darwin C.R. 1872. The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection. “Ancient rocks clearly preserve less information, on average, than more recent rocks. However, if scaled to the stratigraphic level of the stage and the taxonomic level of the family, the past 540 million years of the fossil record provide uniformly good documentation of the life of the past.” M. J. Benton, M. A. Wills & R. Hitchin. 2000. Quality of the fossil record through time. Nature 403:534-537

4. What is a Fossil? Six major types: • Preserved organisms - The most uncommon fossils, including insects in amber, frozen mammoths, organisms preserved in peat bogs and tar pits • Preserved hard parts - Teeth, bones, shells or other hard parts that have been preserved over time • Impressions - Flattened outlines of the surface of an organism, frequently carbonized • Molds - After an organism has been surrounded by mud which turns to rock, the remains leach out of the rock, leaving only the mold • Casts - Molds that have been filled with another material after the remains have been removed produce casts • Trace fossils - Tracks burrows and other evidence of life left in the rock

5. Preserved Organisms • Preserved organisms - The most uncommon fossils, including insects in amber, frozen mammoths, organisms preserved in peat bogs and tar pits

6. Preserved Hard Parts • Process - Burial • Some hard parts may become permineralized which involves the filling of porous areas with mineral deposits • Examples include: • Petrified (turned to stone) wood • Teeth • Bones • Shells

7. Impressions • Impressions - Flattened outlines of the surface of an organism, frequently carbonized

8. 1 A dead organism is buried 2 The remains are dissolved away leaving a mold Molds • Molds - After an organism has been surrounded by mud which turns to rock, the remains leach out of the rock, leaving only the mold

9. A Brachiopod Mold • No part of the original brachiopod remains • Note the detail preserved in this fine-grained rock

10. 1 A dead organism is buried 3 2 The remains are dissolved away leaving a mold The mold fills with minerals producing a cast Casts • Casts - Molds that have been filled with another material after the remains have been removed produce casts

11. Crystals Growth lines Top Bottom Casts of Brachiopods • Sometimes what looks like preserved hard parts may still be casts

12. Casts of Trilobites • Casts of many organisms are known • Trilobite casts serve as excellent examples of the detail that can be preserved in casts.

13. Sphenophyta Plant Fossils

14. Trace Fossils • Trace fossils - Tracks burrows and other evidence of life left in the rock • Provide information about the behavior of organisms

15. Problems With Interpretation of the Fossil Record • No one was there when the fossils were formed • Testing theories about how and when fossils formed is difficult in many cases and impossible in others • Multiple interpretations of data are common • Fundamentally different worldviews and lack of rigorous testing of interpretations, leads to interpretation driven strongly by beliefs

16. Dating Fossils • Two methods: • Relative dating - When a previously unknown fossil is found in strata with other fossils of “known age,” the age of the newly discovered fossil can be inferred from the “known age” of the fossils with which it is associated. Relative dating is done in terms of the relative appearance of organisms in the fossil record. (“Archaeopteryx appears after Latimeria, but before Australopithecus.”) • Absolute dating - Involves assigning dates in terms of years to fossils. This most frequently involves radiometric dating techniques. (“This Archaeopteryx fossil is 150 million years old.”)

17. Radiometric Dating • Assumptions: • Constant isotope decay rates over time • Initial isotope concentrations can be known • Isotope decay is the only factor that alters relative concentrations of isotopes and their breakdown products

18. Formation OfThe Geologic Column • As sediment is washed away from mountains and other zones of erosion, it is collected in depositional basins • The first sediment to settle in a basin is assumed to be the oldest with newer strata being deposited on top • Going from the bottom to the top of the geologic column should be a trip from the most ancient times to the present • There is no place on earth where the entire geologic column is present; it has been pieced together using multiple sequences of strata from multiple locations to provide a complete sequence • Tectonic, volcanic and other geological activities may have altered the strata sequence over time in some locations

19. Zone of erosion Deposition basin Geological Strata Formation OfThe Geologic Column • This model makes the uniformitarian assumption that current conditions existed in the past

20. The Geologic Column Era Period Representative Major Events Cenozoic Miocene Proliferation of flowering plants Oligocene Continued mammal modernization first apes Tertiary Eocene Major mammals: bats whales and monkeys Paleocene Survival of frogs and angiosperms Mesozoic Cretaceous Extinction of dinosaurs and ammonoids Mammals, cycads, conifers, angiosperms 100 - Jurassic Dinosaurs 200 - Phanerozoic Triassic Conifers, first dinosaurs Paleozoic Permian Extinction of 95% of marine organisms 300 - Carboniferous Coal “forests,” amphibia and reptiles Millions of Years Before Present 400 - Devonian “The age of fish” small land plants Silurian Jawless fish, strange land plants Ordovician Many marine organisms including clams 500 - Cambrian All phyla, complex organisms, e.g., Trilobites Proterozoic Few fossils, no Cambrian ancestors Ediacaran fauna (odd marine organisms) Precambrian Archean Very few fossils, all one-celled Many pseudofossils

21. Era Period Epoch Representative Major Events Cenozoic Holocene Modern humans Pleistocene “Ice Age” Pliocene Appearance of Australopithecus Miocene Proliferation of flowering plants Oligocene Continued mammal modernization first apes Tertiary Phanerozoic Eocene Major mammals: bats, whales and monkeys Paleocene Extinction of dinosaurs and many families The Upper Geologic Column Quaternary

22. Trends InThe Geologic Column • Organisms at the bottom look less like those today than those at the top • Moving from bottom to top, the number of fossil species goes up • Moving from bottom to top, the number of fossil phyla and possibly classes goes down • Moving from bottom to top, at first there are no land-dwelling organisms, then their numbers increase

23. Using Molecular Data To Reconstruct Evolutionary History • If two things look the same, it is hardly surprising if their plans look the same • When Boeing 757 plans are compared with those for a 767 their relationship will be obvious • The plans look the same as the planes look the same • Comparison of DNA from organisms that look the same reveals similarities as the DNA codes for similar organisms! • DNA data is not intrinsically better than morphological data in reconstructing phylogenies

24. Are There Missing Links In The Geologic Column? • Not exactly, although many attempts have been made at saying some things are • The traditional depiction of the evolution of horses worked out by O. C. Marsh is highly questionable: • “The most famous of all equid [horse] trends, ‘gradual reduction of the side toes,’ is flatly fictitious.” • Simpson G. G. 1953. The Major Features of Evolution. New York and London: Columbia University Press, p 263

25. More On Horses “The record of evolution is still surprisingly jerky and, ironically, we have even fewer examples of evolutionary transition than we had in Darwin’s time. By this I mean that some of the classic cases of darwinian change in the fossil record, such as the evolution of the horse in North America have had to be discarded or modified as a result of more detailed information--what appeared to be a nice simple progression when relatively few data were available now appears to be much more complex and much less gradualistic.” Raup, D. M. 1979. Conflicts between Darwin and paleontology. Field Museum of Natural History Bulletin 50:22-29

26. “Missing Links” Are Still Missing “The Cambrian explosion, marks the inception of modern multicellular life. Within just a few million years, nearly every major kind of animal anatomy appears in the fossil record for the first time . . . . The Precambrian record is now sufficiently good that the old rationale about undiscovered sequences of smoothly transitional forms will no longer wash.” Stephen J. Gould Discover, October 1989, p 65

27. Down-like feathers? Young Sinosauropteryx primaYixian formation, lower Cretaceous, Liaoning Province, China • Found in 1996 • The ruffled dark ridge above the spine shows what may have been feathers

28. Feathers Mammal Jaw Adult Sinosauropteryx primaYixian formation, lower Cretaceous, Liaoning Province, China • Feathers are clearly apparent • This is the only dinosaur ever found with the remains of a small mammal inside

29. Caudipteryx zouiYixian formation, lower Cretaceous, Liaoning Province, China • Feather plume on the short tail and wings • Feathers and down are thought to have covered the entire body • Only a few hooked teeth in the front of its upper jaw

30. Feathers ProtarchaeopteryxrobustaYixian formation, lower Cretaceous, Liaoning Province, China • Did not fly • Symmetrical feathers • Archaeopteryx lithographica had asymmetrical feathers

31. Feathers Confuciusornis sanctusYixian formation, lower Cretaceous, Liaoning Province, China • A true bird • Lacks teeth in the beak • Note the forelimbs and fossil feathers • Found in abundance in the same formation and “time” as feathered dinosaurs! • How can Chinese feathered dinosaurs be “missing links” between birds and dinosaurs when true birds were already present?

32. Archaeoraptor liaoningensisor How Science Can Fail • According to the National Geographic,Archaeoraptor liaoningensis is a “125-million-year-old feathered dinosaur” • This “feathered dinosaur” showed that feathers were widespread in dinosaurs and were present in “Tyrannosaurus rex and velociraptors” • A. liaoningensis featured a dinosaur-like tail and “a highly advanced shoulder girdle that allowed for flapping arms” • In other words, this is a missing link between dinosaurs and birds!

33. Archaeoraptor liaoningensisor How Science Can Fail • Archaeoraptor liaoningensis appears to be a forgery or at best a mistake • The dinosaur-like tail appears to be from another Chinese fossil of which the complementary other half has been found • The S. millenii fossil was illegally obtained by National Geographic who may have shown once again that there is a sucker born every minute • Far from being a missing link Sinornithosaurus millenii appears to be headed into the trashcan of embarrassment with Piltdown Man

34. Archaeoraptor liaoningensisor How Science Can Fail "It was disappointing to learn that Archaeoraptor may be a combination of animals,” Christopher Sloan Senior assistant editor of National Geographic and author of the magazine's November 1999 article about the “find”

35. Sinornithosaurusmilleniior How Science Can Fail

36. Archaeoraptor liaoningensisor How Science Can Fail “We should confidently expect an army of well-funded researchers to find evidence that in their eyes confirms a theory that they desperately want to confirm. That is the methodology of pseudo-science, and the fact that Darwinists insist upon employing such methods is a good reason for doubting the objectivity of their science.” Phillip Johnson

37. Archaeoraptor liaoningensisor How Science Can Fail Philip Currie of the Royal Tyrell Museum as interviewed on January 25, 2000 by host Jay Ingram on Canada's Discovery Channel Jay Ingram: Do you think this will have a negative effect on the whole body of thought that birds evolved from dinosaurs? Philip Currie: No. It's not going to affect that at all because the evidence is based on other factors entirely. It's certainly something that people will hook onto and say, "See what I told you", but the bottom line is that there is so much evidence in favor of birds coming from dinosaurs directly that, this isn't going to affect the main part of the study whatsoever.

38. "The theropod origin of birds, in my opinion, will be the greatest embarrassment of paleontology of the 20th century." "Birds do it...did dinosaurs?" New Scientist 153 (2067): 27-31 --Alan Feduccia, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

39. The End

40. Human PhylogenyAdapted from: Tattersal, I. 2000. Once We were Not Alone. Scientific American. January. 0 Homo sapiens H. neanderthalensis 1 H. heidelbergensis H. erectus P. robustus 2 P. boisei H. ergaster H. habilis H. rudolfensis Panthropus aethiopicus Millions of years before present A. garhi A. africanus 3 A. bahrelghazali A. afarensis 4 Australopithicus anamensis Ardipithecus ramidus 5