1 / 36

Lecture 28: Impacts on the World Order: Welcoming the Non-state Actors

Lecture 28: Impacts on the World Order: Welcoming the Non-state Actors. 28 th April 2003 (Monday). Question of Week 4: Why was 911 so Special?. George W Bush: “ A Threat with No Precedent ”… Actor Event Venue Tool Timing The Actor – Non-state Actors!!. Structure of Lecture 28: .

ayanna
Download Presentation

Lecture 28: Impacts on the World Order: Welcoming the Non-state Actors

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Lecture 28: Impacts on the World Order:Welcoming the Non-state Actors 28th April 2003 (Monday)

  2. Question of Week 4:Why was 911 so Special? • George W Bush: “A Threat with No Precedent”… • Actor • Event • Venue • Tool • Timing • The Actor –Non-state Actors!!

  3. Structure of Lecture 28: • Definition of Non-state Actors • Organizational Structure of Al-Qaeda • Concept of the 2-dimensional (2D) World • Concept of the 3-dimensional (3D) World • Conclusion – • Post-911 as a Systematic Fight Back from the State Actors?

  4. PART IDefinition of Non-state Actors ??????

  5. Trans-nationalism • State Actors and Nationalism Vs Non-state Actors and Trans-nationalism • Goals of Trans-nationalist Organizations: • Beyond the Sole Interests of ONE State • Common Interests of Many States (e.g. Pan-Slavism) • Common Interests of Many People, but against the Sole Interests of States (e.g. Environmentalism) • Membership: Trans-nationalistic • Quasi-state Structural Organization (refer to Part II)

  6. “Legitimate” Non-state Actors • Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (UNPO) • Established 1991 • 50 “Non-state” Members, Representing 100million People • http://www.unpo.org/ • Aboriginals in Australia • East Turkestan • Tibet • Taiwan • Kurdistan

  7. NSAs Vs NGOs • Non-state Actors • “Legitimate” NSA: Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (UNPO) • “Illegitimate” NSA: Al-Qaeda • Non-governmental Organizations • NGO Research Center at Tsinghua University • Green Peace, Oxfam, Friends of the Earth…

  8. Illegitimate NSA: Transfiguration • NSA: the Ability of “Transfiguration” into States • Part of Al-Qaeda  Afghanistan (as a “cell”) • Part of Al-Qaeda Remains a “Terrorist” Umbrella Organization • Taliban “Transformed” Back into Al-Qaeda • Green Peace can’t Replace the US Government!

  9. PART IIOrganizational Structure of Al-Qaeda

  10. Nature of Al-Qaeda • Al-Qaeda = the “Base”…of what? • Decentralized, Loose Connection of “Cells” • Founding Members: • Former Mujahedeen Fighters in Afghanistan + • “Arab Afghans” (Middle Eastern Supporters of Mujahedeens) • New Members: • Anti-state Advocators Around the World (for various reasons)

  11. Leadership Structure of Al-Qaeda • Supreme Leader: • Osama Bin Laden • Vice-Leader: • Ayman al-Zawahiri • Former Leader of Muslim Brotherhoods of Egypt • Military Commander: • Mohammed Atef • Police Leader in Egypt

  12. Diplomatic Capabilities • “Untraditional” Alliance with NSAs/ NGOs • Abu Sayyaf (Moro Islamic Liberation Front) of the Philippines • Jemaah Islamiah (JI) of Indonesia • “Traditional” Alliance with States • Cooperation with Afghanistan and Sudan • “Understanding” with KSA, UAE and Pakistan • Practice of the Financial World: • “Merge” with Muslim Brotherhoods of Egypt • “Split” into Regional Groups in Kenya and Tanzania

  13. Financial Capabilities (I) • William Wechsler: “Strangling the Hydra – Targeting Al Qaeda’s Finances” • The Ways to Make Money: • Legal Business and Investment (~ National Financial Investment Scheme) • Criminal Schemes (e.g. Opium) • Direct Donations (~ “Direct Tax”) • Indirect Donations (~ “Indirect Tax”)

  14. Financial Capabilities (II) • How to Generate Cash Flow? • Cash Smuggling • Formal Banking System (Bank Havens) • Underground Banking System (hawala) • Concept of “National Reserve”? • Balance Budget!

  15. Propaganda Capability • “Partnership” with Qatar Gulf TV (Al-Jazeera) • 35 million Viewers in the Middle East • Osama Bin Laden’s Friendship with TV Producers? • Two-front Propaganda War: • Historicism of its Image • Modernism of its Applicability and Technique • Iraqi Partnership with CNN in Gulf War (1990) • CNN Accused of “Being Used” by Saddam Hussein for First-handed News Reports?!

  16. Assigned Readings • Main Text: • William Wechsler: “Strangling the Hydra – Targeting Al Qaeda’s Finances” (H&R P.129-143) • Supplementary Text: • Louise Richardson: “Terrorists as Transnational Actors.” Taylor, Max and Horgan, John. Ed. The Future of Terrorism. London: Frank Cass, 2000. P.200-219.

  17. PART III Concept of the 2-dimensional (2D) World

  18. What is 2D?? • 2-Dimensional World System: • Horizontal Relationship • “The States said it all” • No Upper Authority Higher than the States • No Lower Voluntary Movements across the States • e.g. RISK

  19. The Westphalian World System • Thirty Years War (1618-1648) • The First European “World War” • Holy Roman Empire, France, Sweden, Denmark, Spain • Battleground: Modern Germany • Treaty of Westphalia (1648) • Signed by All Major States at the time • Settled State Borders •  Decline of Feudalism and the Influence of Church over Internal Affairs of States •  Rise of Absolutism & Nationalism within the States

  20. State > Non-state Actors, why??ROUND I – Fight! • Better Protection over Citizens • Better Esprit de corps during the Time of Great Discovery, Revolution and Scientific Evolution • Increased National Uniqueness: • Language, Culture, Religions… • The Rule of Reasons: • Nationalism/ Machiavellianism • > Philosophy/ Theology …

  21. Horizontal Relationship: The Rule of Realism • International Relations Theories: • Realism (Hans Morgenthau) • Neo-Realism (Kenneth Waltz) • Classicism/ Marxism/ Statism/ Gender Studies/ Bureaucratism… • Realism: State Actions Governed by Interest Maximization • Neo-Realism: State Actions Governed by Security Maximization • Focus: Geo-politics/ Oceanic-politics

  22. PART IV Concept of the 3-dimensional (3D) World

  23. What is 3D?? • 3-Dimensional World System: • Vertical Relationship • The States can’t say it all • Upper Authority Higher than the States • Lower Voluntary Movements Across the States • e.g. Romance of the Three Kingdoms VIII – • The Concept of Exiled Army • NOT Roman of the Three Kingdoms IX –why?

  24. Pre-Modern 3D World System • Barbarians • Overthrew the Roman Empire with Limited State Efforts • Medieval Church • The Order of Crusades by Pope Urban II (1095) • Feudalism • Holy Roman Empire as a Loose Confederation of Feudal States • Mercantile Armies • Army Paid in Money to Fight for Sparsely-populated States

  25. The “Post-Westphalian” World System after 911…… • 911: Interaction of State Actors + Non-state Actors • Horizontal Relations + Vertical Relations  Three-dimensional (3D) World • Decline of National Authority over its own Land (“Homeland”) and People • Rise of Voluntarism of People over their Countries • Fundamental Conflicts between State and Non-state Actors

  26. Non-state Actors > State Actors, Why??ROUND II, FIGHT! • Era of Globalization • Technological Proliferation (e.g. Easy Access to “Mass Destruction Weapons”) • Increased Horizontal Mobility of People Around the World •  Decreased Conscious of Nationalism •  Increased Concern over the Future of Human Beings on a Whole

  27. “Saturation” of State Development • Impossibility of Any Sort of State to Take Care of People with Trans-national Interests • Increased Burden of States • Hinder their Ability to Carry out Alternative Political Goals • e.g. Welfare States Vs Cultural Development • e.g. Industrial Development Vs Environmentalism

  28. Vertical + Horizontal Relationship: The New Rule of the World? • Horizontal Rule of Neo-Realism still Dominates the States • Vertical Rules of Non-state Actors: • To Advance its Ideological Goals (e.g. Anti-capitalism/ Environmentalism) • By Whatever Means (from Peace to Terror) •  No Realism at all •  Unpredictable by the States

  29. New Rule of the States in the 3D World • “Pre-emptive Realism” • Bush Doctrine II (Turbo) • State Actions Governed by Maximization of Security through Overtaking the Non-state Actors Pre-emptively • Focus: Virtual-politics + Sub-conscious-politics • National Boundary No Longer Important • Enemies are Perceived in the Virtual Community + Sub-consciousness

  30. A Wiser Doctrine of Bush… “Al-Qaeda is to terror what the Mafia is to crime. But its goal is not making money; its goal is remaking the world.” –George W Bush

  31. Conclusion –Post-911 as a Systematic Fight Back from the State Actors?

  32. Reassessing the Anti-Terror Coalition • Why did Virtually Almost All States Join the Anti-Terror Coalition? • Why did Libya Support USA? • In Support of USA Vs Afghanistan? • A Concerted Effort of the States Vs Non-state Actors? • Reassessing the List of “Foreign Terrorist Organizations” • By US Office of Counterterrorism (Aug 2002) • “Terrorism”: against the people, or against the very identity of the states? • The Black-list of the World of States?

  33. Current Condition of Non-state Actors • With the Existing Advantages of NSAs • Over its Sluggish Advancement in the Past Centuries • With the Mutual-understanding of States of the World • To Suppress the Over-development of NSAs

  34. Future of Non-state Actors (I) • Possibility #1: Rule of NSAs • No States are Able to Counter-balance the US Hegemony •  But the people Within the States are Discontent towards the Hegemony •  State-actors are Hopeless to Help them  Rise of NSAs • Possibility #2: Deaths of NSAs • All States and People are Happy to be Ruled by a Single Hegemon, with the Same Set of Identity, Culture and Economy •  People are Subordinate to their States •  States are Subordinate to the Hegemony •  NSAs = Irrelevant, with Few Support from People

  35. Future of Non-state Actors (II) • Possibility #3: “Balance of Power” • States are Inter-balancing Against One Another •  Different States Need Assistance from Different NSAs •  States (as a group) also Balance Against the NSAs (as another group) •  The World System is Inter-balancing Between Different States, as well as Between State-actors and Non-state Actors

  36. ~~The End~~ Thank you for attending

More Related