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Biochemistry

Biochemistry. Chapter 3. Water Review. Biochemistry. 3-1 Carbon Compounds. 3-2 Molecules of Life. Water. Polarity Hydrogen Bonding Cohesion = same High Specific Heat Adhesion = different Universal Solvent Capillarity. 3.1 Carbon Compounds. Organic v. Inorganic Carbon (C) Bonding

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Biochemistry

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  1. Biochemistry Chapter 3

  2. Water Review Biochemistry 3-1 Carbon Compounds 3-2 Molecules of Life

  3. Water • Polarity • Hydrogen Bonding • Cohesion= same • High Specific Heat • Adhesion= different • Universal Solvent • Capillarity

  4. 3.1 Carbon Compounds • Organic v. Inorganic • Carbon (C) Bonding • 4 covalent bonds!! • Arrangements: chain, branched chain, ring • Single, double, triple bonds

  5. Other Forms Carbon Takes

  6. Functional Groups

  7. Large Carbon Molecules • Monomers: building blocks • Polymers: 2 or more monomers covalently bonded • Macromolecules: Large polymers, aka biomolecules 4.Carbohydrates: sugars & starches • Lipids: fats, oils, waxes • Proteins: enzymes • Nucleic Acids: DNA, RNA

  8. Biochemical Reactionshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VPV5J6cETuU • Condensation Reaction- anabolic • AKA Dehydration Synthesis • Monomer + monomer  Polymer + H2O • Monosaccharides polysaccharides • Glycerol + Fatty Acids Lipids • Amino acids proteins • Nucleotides nucleic acids

  9. Condensation Reaction, aka Dehydration Synthesis ANABOLIC 2 Monomers Bonded= Polymer Remove H2O

  10. Biochemical Reactions • Hydrolysis-CATABOLIC • Polymer + H2O  monomer + monomer • Polysaccharides monosaccharides Separate polymer into: 2 monomers Add H2O

  11. ATP (Energy Currency) • Adenosine Triphosphate= ATP • Compound with energy body can USE • 3 Phosphate groups attached • 3rd PO4 bond=STORE MOST ENERGY 3 Phosphate Groups Endergonic vs.Exergonic

  12. ATP In More Detail http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bbtqF9q_pFw

  13. 3.2 Molecules of Life • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Proteins • Nucleic Acids

  14. Carbohydrates • Elements: C, H, O (1:2:1)= (CH2O)n • Monomer= monosaccharide • Polymer= polysaccharide • Functional Groups: • Hydroxyl (-OH) • Types: • Monosaccharide= Glucose, Fructose, Galactose= isomers • Disaccharide= sucrose, maltose, lactose • Polysaccharide= starch, cellulose, glycogen • Functions: • Easily accessible energy source (glucose) • Provides rigidity in plants (cellulose)

  15. Monosaccharides: Isomers C6H12O6: Glucose, Fructose, Galactose

  16. Who Makes What? Glucose and glucose make maltose Glucose and fructose make sucrose Glucose and galactosemake lactose All disaccharides

  17. A really big carb… Cellulose

  18. Glycogen Another… Starch

  19. Proteins • Elements: C, H, O, N • Monomers= Amino Acid (aa)- 20 total in body • Polymers= Dipeptide, Polypeptide, Protein • Structures: 1°, 2°, 3°, 4° • Functional Groups: Carboxyl (-COOH) • Amino (-NH2) • R-Group (group that changes & determines aa) • Types: muscles, hair and enzymes • Substrate: Lock & Key, Induced Fit • Factors affecting enzyme function: [ ], temp & pH • Functions: • Catalyzes reactions (enzymes) • Structure • Transportation in/out of cell through channels

  20. R Group Carboxyl Amino Acid (Glycine) Amino Amino Acid (Alanine)

  21. Polypeptides form when three or more amino acids are joined • Highly twisted and bent due to H-bonding • Structure is related to function!!!

  22. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XTUm-75-PL4 http://kcassbiochem.wordpress.com/2013/04/13/enzymes-crash-course/

  23. Enzymes are affected by Temperature: – As temperature increases, enzyme activity increases up to an optimum. Then it decreases or stops. In humans, its 37° C. • The active sites are denatured(altered) pH: Most enzymes work best at 6 to 8. Pepsin in stomach works best at 2 Concentration: – As the [ ] of enzymes increases, the rate of activity increases. As the [ ] of the substrate increases, rate of reaction decreases

  24. Lipids • Elements: C, H, O (NOT 1:2:1) • Monomers= Glycerol & Fatty Acids • Polymers= triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, waxes • Functional Groups: Carboxyl (-COOH), sometimes phosphate (-PO4) • Types: Saturated & Unsaturated Triglycerides (TG) , Phospholipids (PL), Waxes, Steroids • Functions: • Stores 2x amount of energy as carbo’s: long term • Forms barrier in cell membrane (PL) • Waterproof coating on plants (waxes) • Hormones & Cholesterol (steroids) • Insulation

  25. The Monomers of Lipids Hydroxyl groups Hydrocarbon chain Carboxyl group Fatty Acid Glycerol • -COOH group of each Fatty acid is polar. It is attracted to water – Hydrophilic • The hydrocarbon chain of the fatty acid is Hydrophobic – being repelled by water.

  26. Lipids: Triglycerides Saturated v. Unsaturated Fatty Acids 1Glycerol + 3 Fatty Acids 1Trigyceride

  27. Phospholipid BilayerOf Cell Membrane

  28. Steroid: Cholesterol Waxes • 1 Fatty acid chain and a long alcohol chain • Waterproofing, protective cuticle on outside of plants, earwax 4 fused carbon rings with functional group attached Animal Hormones, testosterone, estrogen, cholesterol (needed for normal nerve cell functioning)

  29. Nucleic Acids • Elements: C, H, O, N, P • Monomers= Nucleotide • 5-C Sugar, Phosphate group, Nitrogen Base • Polymers= DNA, RNA: deoxyribose vs. ribose • Functional Group: • Phosphate group (-PO4) • Types: DNA (in nucleus), RNA • Functions: • Genetic Information (DNA) • Controls cells’ activities (DNA) • Stores & transfers info for protein synthesis (RNA)

  30. Nucleotide & DNA

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