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How would you solve the Arab- Israeli Conflict?. Directions. Read through the slides and try to decide how you would solve the Arab-Israeli conflict. Try and figure out some type of peace agreement to help both sides. You must create a flyer with your plan to bring peace. Your Plan….
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Directions • Read through the slides and try to decide how you would solve the Arab-Israeli conflict. • Try and figure out some type of peace agreement to help both sides. • You must create a flyer with your plan to bring peace.
Your Plan…. • Your Flyer must include the reasons why the Palestinians and Israelis are fighting. • Your Flyer must include one way they have tried to reach peace • Your Flyer must include why they have not reached peace yet. • You must explain what the PLO is and what they do. • You must talk about if terrorism is helping or hurting the fight for peace. • You must include what areas they are fighting over. • You must include your way to bring peace to the region.
In the Lab… • Read through the slides to get some background information. Use the information to take notes to include in your flyer. (DO NOT WRITE DOWN EVERY WORD ON EVERY SLIDE) • The completed flyer can handwritten or typed and must include some type of picture or graphic. • Good Luck! • Info in these slides was obtained through Encarta.
Background • Arab-Israeli Conflict, conflict between Arabs and Jews in the Middle East over the land of historic Israel and Palestine. • Since 1979 several peace accords have been signed, addressing parts of the conflict.
Background • Israel and Palestine, were conquered many times by invaders. The area is the homeland of the Jewish people • The Jews formed an identity as the people who were lead they by God.
Background • Palestine was already inhabited, during the time of Jewish Rule. The countryside was home to Arabs, most of them Muslims, while the larger towns contained both Arabs and Jews.
The British • With the defeat of the Ottoman Turks in World War I (1914-1918), control of Palestine shifted from Muslim Arabs to the British. • In return for their help in the war Britain had promised self-rule to both Jews and Arabs. • The Arabs were promised the right to a new Arab nation in the lands of the former Ottoman Empire. • The promise to the Jews came in the form of the Balfour Declaration (named for the British foreign secretary, Lord Arthur Balfour, who communicated the declaration).
The British • The British explained that they had not promised all the land of the Ottomans to either the Arabs or the Jews • They had merely promised parts of it to each group. The British did not elaborate on what would happen if both groups wanted the same land.
The British • In 1922 the British separated Palestine into two territories: Jordan and Palestine • Both Jews and Arabs conducted terrorist attacks and intermittent, low-level warfare.
World War II • After World War II the world became aware of the murder of millions of Jews in the Holocaust, and opinion began to favor creating an independent Jewish state.
The Partition • Partition means to split into two parts. Or Divide. • Arabs in Palestine and elsewhere continued to resist the idea, but on November 29, 1947, the United Nations (UN) passed a law, which called for a partition of Palestine into separate Jewish and Arab states. • The Jews accepted the resolution, but the Arabs opposed it. • The new Jewish Sate came under immediate attack from the Palestinian population and Arabs of the surrounding countries, including Egypt, Syria, and Lebanon.
The Fighting Begins • In the Arab-Israeli War of 1948-1949 Arab forces (including the armies of Egypt, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, and Iraq as well as Palestinian fighters) had expected an easy victory over the small and isolated Jewish state, but despite heavy casualties Israel won. • Israel also increased the land under its control far beyond what it had been given by the partition plan. The region just west of the Jordan River known as the West Bank came under the control of Jordan. Egypt gained control of the Gaza Strip, a small region bordering the southern end of Israel’s Mediterranean coast.
Refugees • The war had also created a large population of Palestinian Arab refugees who fled Israel for camps maintained by the United Nations in neighboring Arab states.
Sinai Peninsula • In late October, Israel invaded the Gaza Strip and Sinai Peninsula, beating Egyptian forces there. Although the fighting was brief and Israel eventually withdrew from the Sinai and Gaza, the conflict increased tension in the region.
Six Day War • In 1967 Egypt, Syria, and Jordan sent their armies to Israel’s borders, and several Arab states called for war. • Egypt demanded the withdrawal of UN observers from the Sinai Peninsula. • Assuming the Arabs would attack, Israel struck first, in June 1967, and caught the Arabs by surprise. In the Six-Day War that followed, Israel demolished the armies and air forces of Egypt, Syria, and Jordan.
Six Day War and Golan Heights • Israel gained control of the West Bank, the Sinai Peninsula and Gaza Strip, the Golan Heights region of southwestern Syria, and all of Jerusalem. • A second wave of Palestinian refugees fled the fighting. • With the armies of its enemies crushed, Israel felt it could wait for the Arab states to offer peace on terms it found comfortable.
The PLO • The Arab states continued to call for the destruction of Israel, while Israel for its part, refused to consider withdrawing from the territories it had occupied • The Arabs increasingly threw their support behind the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), a political body that had been formed in 1964 to create a Palestinian state. • Using terrorism, the PLO attacked Israel from their bases in Jordan, Lebanon, and Syria; • Israel refused to meet the Terrorist’s demands and little progress toward achieving peace was made in the late 1960s or early 1970s.
Yom Kippur War/ Ramadan War • Israel received support from the United States. • The Arabs attacked in October 1973 on Yom Kippur, the holiest day of the Jewish year, and caught Israel by surprise. • Egypt and Syria pushed across the ceasefire lines established after the Six-Day War, which had kept Egyptian troops west of the Suez Canal and Syrian troops northeast of the Golan Heights. • The Arab advances greatly restored Arab confidence. • Israel quickly recovered from the surprise and again pushed into Arab territory, surrounding or destroying the bulk of the Egyptian and Syrian forces. • Israel suffered greatly in the three-week war, especially from the injuries, deaths, and massive physical destruction of the war’s first two days. • In Israel and among most Western countries, the conflict came to be known as the Yom Kippur War; Arabs call it the October War or Ramadan War.
Peace? • Following the war, U.S. secretary of state Henry Kissinger negotiated a series of agreements with the warring parties. • Kissinger’s work did little to change the prewar feelings, and the countries were technically still at war.
Camp David Accords • United States president Jimmy Carter facilitated the negotiations between Anwar Sadat of Egypt and Israeli prime minister Menachem Begin. • The agreements came to be known as the Camp David Accords after the Maryland retreat where Carter hosted some of the negotiations.
Camp David Accords • Under the peace treaty signed in March 1979, Egypt regained the Sinai Peninsula, • For its part, Israel achieved peace with what had been its largest enemy at the cost of evacuating Israelis from the Sinai Peninsula. • In 1981 Sadat was assassinated by a group of Islamic fundamentalists within the Egyptian army. Egypt continued to maintain relations with Israel after Sadat’s death.
After Camp David • Following Camp David, Syria maintained its warlike posture and demanded the unconditional surrender of the Golan Heights, and the PLO continued its terrorist assaults on Israel.
Intifada • In the late 1980s Palestinians began the intifada (uprising), a widespread campaign against the continuing Israeli occupation of the Gaza Strip and West Bank. • The campaign combined elements of mass demonstrations, civil disobedience, riots, and terrorism.
The First Gulf War • As a result of the intifada, pressure grew within Israel to broaden the peace process. • The opportunity to do so was provided in 1991 by the Persian Gulf War. In this war, a coalition of Western and Arab armies expelled Iraq from Kuwait, which Iraq had invaded in 1990. • One of the coalition’s chief partners was the United States, a strong ally of Israel. Following the defeat of Iraq, the United States, along with its one-time enemy the USSR, pressed Arabs and Israelis to pursue peace in the Madrid Conference of 1991. • For the first time, all sides sat together to discuss region-wide peace talks. Although little progress was made, the conference paved the way for future agreements.
Oslo Accords • In 1993, Palestinians and Israel were engaged in deadlocked negotiations in the United States, the two sides achieved a major breakthrough with the Oslo Accords, which were secretly negotiated in Oslo, Norway. • in 1994 and 1995 the Palestinians gained self-rule over most aspects of life in the Gaza Strip and in urban areas of the West Bank through a new administrative body, the Palestinian National Authority (PNA). • In the first elections for the PNA in 1996, PLO chairman Yasir Arafat was chosen as its president. • Finally, the agreements stated that soon after these elections Israel would conduct further withdrawals from rural areas of the West Bank, after which talks addressing the final status of the Palestinian areas would begin.
Assassinations and Terrorism • Despite these accomplishments towards peace, some terrorism and bloodshed continued. • Palestinians conducted terrorist attacks on Israeli citizens, and on a number of occasions Israeli extremists responded in kind. • Israeli prime minister Yitzhak Rabin was assassinated in 1995 by an Israeli student opposed to the peace process.
New Terrorist Groups • Then in July, on the northern border of Israel, the Iranian- and Syrian-backed terrorist group Hezbollah abducted two Israeli soldiers, killed several others, and shelled a number of communities. • Israel responded by launching an attack on southern Lebanon, including air raids on Hezbollah strongholds as far north as southern Beirut, leading to the deaths of about 1,200 Lebanese civilians. • The growth of the crisis saw thousands of rockets launched daily into northern Israel by Hezbollah, causing the deaths of about 160 Israeli civilians, the disruption of Israel’s economy, and the temporary flight or confinement in bomb shelters of roughly a million Israelis.
So… • How would you bring peace to the region?
