1 / 33

CHAPTER 6:

CHAPTER 6:. GROUPS, ORGANIZATIONS, AND INSTITUTIONS. SOCIAL GROUPS. 1. A social group consists of two or more people who interact with one another and who share a common identity. Examples: family, friends, athletic team. Primary Group. Examples: families and close friends. 1.

austin
Download Presentation

CHAPTER 6:

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. CHAPTER 6: GROUPS, ORGANIZATIONS, AND INSTITUTIONS

  2. SOCIAL GROUPS 1 • A social group consists of two or more people who interact with one another and who share a common identity. • Examples: family, friends, athletic team

  3. Primary Group Examples: families and close friends 1 A primary group is a relatively small group of people who engage in intimate face-to-face interaction over an extended period of time.

  4. Secondary Group Examples: classes, work groups and volunteer organizations 1 A secondary group is usually large, formal, impersonal, and a temporary collection of people that pursues a specific goal or activity.

  5. 1

  6. Application Identify each as a primary or secondary group: • A romantically involved couple • A chemistry lab group • A labor union • Three women who have been friends since high school

  7. In-Groups and Out-Groups 1 Members of an in-group share a sense of identity that excludes outsiders. Out-groups are people who are viewed and treated negatively because they are seen as having values, beliefs, or other characteristics different from one's own.

  8. Discussion 1 What are the benefits of in-groups? What are the potential problems with in-groups?

  9. Reference Group Examples: nursing students who have a reference group of nurses 1 • A reference group is a group of people that shape our behavior, values, and attitudes. • We do not have to be members of our reference groups.

  10. Group conformity 1 • Studies show that most people are influenced by group pressure. • Asch's research illustrated that people will agree with obviously false judgments to be part of a group. • Zimbardo's prison research showed that people will perform assigned roles in a group.

  11. Discussion 1 Why do people go along with the group?

  12. Groupthink 1 Groupthink refers to a deterioration of mental efficiency, reality, testing, and moral judgment that results from in-group pressures.

  13. Social Networks 1 A social network is a web of social ties that links an individual to others. Networks may be tightly knit and have clear boundaries or large and impersonal with fluid boundaries.

  14. FORMAL ORGANIZATIONS 2 Complex and structured secondary groups deliberately created to achieve specific goals Include voluntary associations and bureaucracies

  15. 2 A voluntary association is created by people who share a common set of interests and who are not paid for their participation. Examples: book clubs, charity organizations Vary in organizational structure

  16. Bureaucracy 2 A bureaucracy is a formal organization that is designed to accomplish goals and tasks by large numbers of people in the most efficient and rational way possible.

  17. Characteristics of Bureaucracies 2 • High degree of division of labor and specialization • Hierarchy of authority • Explicit written rules and regulations • Impersonality • Qualification-based employment • Separation of work and ownership

  18. Discussion 2 Have you ever had a negative experience with a bureaucracy? How did the characteristics of bureaucracies make it negative?

  19. Shortcomings of Bureaucracies 2 • Weak reward systems (low wages, few benefits) • Rigid rules • Bureaucratic ritualism (preoccupation with rules) • Alienation (isolation, meaninglessness, powerlessness)

  20. Shortcomings of Bureaucracies (cont.) 2 • Communication problems • Parkinson's Law (work expands to fill the time available) • Peter Principle (promotion to level of incompetence) • Iron law of oligarchy (domination by small group) • Dehumanization

  21. Discussion 2 What are the benefits of bureaucracies? Can modern life work without bureaucracies?

  22. McDonaldization of Society 2 The organizational principles that underlie McDonald's dominate more and more sectors of society. Components of McDonaldization are efficiency, calculability, predictability, and control.

  23. Efficiency and Predictability 2 • Efficiency—choosing the most effective means to an end • Division of labor, ordering by number • Predictability—knowing what to expect • Restaurants, motels, stores are similar in different cities.

  24. Calculability and Control 2 • Calculability—quantifying the experience • On a scale of 1-10 how satisfied are you? • Control—exerting influence • Preformed hamburger patties, roped areas for lines

  25. Application • Identify the principle of McDonaldization. • Class meeting times are the same across campus. • The restaurant menu is the same in Wyoming as in California. • A dentist works on several patients at the same time.

  26. SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GROUPS AND ORGANIZATIONS 3 • For functionalists, groups and formal organizations are composed of interrelated, mutually dependent parts. • Bureaucratic regulations allow goal achievement, presumably benefitting all employees. • Organizations can be dysfunctional.

  27. 3 • Conflict theorists contend that organizations are based on differences in power and control. • Place in an organization is often based on race, ethnicity, gender, or social class. • Owners and managers exploit workers.

  28. Feminist Theories 3 • Feminist scholars emphasize the different positions of men and women in organizations. • Women often hit the glass ceiling.

  29. Symbolic Interactionist 3 Symbolic interactionists emphasize that how people define a situation shapes group dynamics and organizations.

  30. INSTITUTIONS 4 • An institution refers to norms, statuses, and roles that meet one or more of a society's basic needs. • The five major institutions worldwide are the family, the economy, politics, education, and religion. • Other institutions include sports, healthcare, law, and the military.

  31. Application • What needs of a society are met by …? • The family • Sports • Education • Science

  32. Institutions 4 Institutions govern individuals, groups, and organizations that ensure a society's survival. The institutions of a society are interconnected in both functional and dysfunctional ways.

  33. Internet Connection • The Directory of Associations provides a comprehensive list of professional, business, trade, and recreational associations in the United States and abroad. You can search by keyword or state to locate groups you might want to join. For more information, please visit: http://www.marketingsource.com/associations

More Related