1 / 73

Europe: History, values, institutions

Europe: History, values, institutions. TEM Summer School 2013 C édric Gossart. European anthem : Final movement of Beethoven's 9th Symphony (1823). Bonjour !. Cédric Gossart PhD from the University of Sussex (SPRU-Science and Technology Policy Studies).

aure
Download Presentation

Europe: History, values, institutions

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Europe: History, values, institutions TEM Summer School 2013 Cédric Gossart European anthem: Final movement of Beethoven's 9th Symphony (1823).

  2. Bonjour ! Cédric Gossart PhD from the University of Sussex (SPRU-Science and Technology Policy Studies). Associate professor in the Institut Mines-Telecom (Telecom Business School). A couple of questions to warm up… Where does Europe stops? http://gossart.wp.mines-telecom.fr/

  3. The borders of Europe Introduction

  4. Introduction EUROPE Year = 1025

  5. EUROPE Introduction Alps Pyrenees Taurus

  6. Introduction The European Union: How many countries? • 6 • 12 • 27 • 50 http://europa.eu/pol/enlarg/index_en.htm

  7. Introduction

  8. Introduction The European Union in 2013 (27 MS) http://europa.eu/abc/maps/index_en.htm

  9. Introduction European Union quiz When was the founding treaty of the EU signed? • 1948 • 1957 • 1987 • 1993 He is one the founding fathers of the EU, who is he? • Winston Churchill • Charles de Gaulle • Jean Monnet • Charles Aznavour Maastricht (NL)

  10. Introduction EU treaties timeline http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_European_Union_history

  11. Introduction Outline of this class I – History II – Values III – Institutions

  12. I - History • 1951: European Coal and Steel Community (6 founding members) • 1957: Treaties of Rome (Common market) • 1973: 9 members + development of common policies • 1979: 1st European elections (universal suffrage) • 1981: 1st Mediterranean enlargement • 1993: Internal market opens • 1993: Maastricht treaty enters into force => « European Union » • 1995: 15 members • 2002: the Euro (€) • 2004: 25 members • 2007: 27 members • December 2009: Treaty of Lisbon During the night of 7 to 8 May 1945 in Reims, Admiral Karl Doenitz, who succeeded Adolf Hitler at the head of the Reich, and General Gustav Jodl, Chief of Staff of the Wehrmacht, sign the unconditional surrender of the Nazi troops. http://www.ena.lu/statement_winston_churchill_london_1945-2-5844 About recentevents: http://europa.eu/about-eu/eu-history/2010-today/index_en.htm

  13. I - History • 2 European pioneers: • Victor Hugo (1802-1885) • Jean Monnet (1888-1979) • We will study: • Their historical context • Their legacy http://www.ena.lu

  14. Victor Hugo (1802-1885) http://ec.europa.eu/avservices

  15. http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo

  16. Victor Hugo (1802-1885) - Historical context 1848 : Spring of Nations, then back to autocracy, nationalism, growth Austria • Riots in Prague and Vienna • Ferdinand, the Emperor of Austria abdicates • Weakness of the Empire, revolutions in Hungaria and Austria Hungaria • Feudal regime abolished • Independence in April 1849… crushed in August 1849 • 1867: Kingdom with Croatia + Transylvania : dual monarchy : Austro-Hungarian Empireuntil october 1918.

  17. Victor Hugo (1802-1885) - Historical context • France • 1stEmpire (1804-1815), Restauration (1814-1830), July monarchy (1830-1848) : corruption + economic crisis. • No freedom to meet => republican feasts • February 1848 : feast forbidden in Paris => demonstrations, shots, riots, king abdicates, 2d Republic (univ. suffrage, slavery abolished, 10 h. working day) • December 1848 : Napoléon III elected president • 2 December 1951 : Coup d’Etat => 2nd Empire (1852-1870). Autoritarian, écon. growth, right to strike (1864), Parliament initiates laws (1869) • Victor Hugo goes into exile in Guernesey.

  18. Victor Hugo (1802-1885) - Historical context Germany • 1848: Riots in Berlin • Elected Assembly suggests to unite Germany (King refuses, only takes orders from God...) • Novembre 1850: back to 1815… • 1862: Bismarck president Prussia (wins / Austria) • 1870: France declares war => Germans unite • Jan. 1871: German Empire, annexation Alsace/Lorraine.

  19. France

  20. Victor Hugo (1802-1885) - Historical context Italy Risorgimento (unification, 1848-1870) • 1st phase (1848-1849): Peninsula divided (see next map), riots, Roman Republic, Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia. • 2nd phase (1859-1860) : unification + annexation Rome 1870. • Garibaldi : hero Risorgimento against Austria + defends republicans • Economic growth • 1882 : more people can vote (0,5 → 2 M)

  21. Italian states in 1859

  22. Victor Hugo (1802-1885) - Legacy Discours d’ouverture du Congrès de la paix (21 août 1849)

  23. Victor Hugo (1802-1885) - Legacy “You insist on the example [of the death penalty]. Why? For what it teaches. What do you want to teach with your example? That thou shalt not kill. And how do you teach thou shalt not kill? By killing.” http://senat.fr/evenement/archives/D24/hugo.html

  24. Victor Hugo (1802-1885) - Legacy « A day will come when there will be no battlefields, but markets opening to commerce and minds opening to ideas. A day will come when the bullets and bombs are replaced by votes, by universal suffrage, by the venerable arbitration of a great supreme senate which will be to Europe what Parliament is to England, the Diet to Germany, and the Legislative Assembly to France. A day will come when a cannon will be a museum-piece, as instruments of torture are today. And we will be amazed to think that these things once existed!  » http://senat.fr/evenement/archives/D24/hugo.html

  25. Victor Hugo (1802-1885) - Legacy « A day will come when we shall see those two immense groups, the United States of America and the United States of Europe, facing one another, stretching out their hands across the sea, exchanging their products, their arts, their works of genius, clearing up the globe, making deserts fruitful, ameliorating creation under the eyes of the Creator, and joining together, to reap the well-being of all, these two infinite forces, the fraternity of men and the power of God.  » Discours d'ouverture, congrès de la paix, [Opening address, Peace Congress], Paris (21 Aug. 1849); published in Actes et paroles - Avant l'exil (1875)

  26. Conclusion on Hugo’s context • Democracy and social fights • Development of capitalism … • … and of colonialism. • First European fights for a pan-European cooperation in favour of peace and prosperity

  27. Jean Monnet (1888-1979)

  28. Jean Monnet (1888-1979) - Historical context • Colonisation • 1492 : Europe starts conquering the world • 1875-1914 : 25% world shared btw a few states (most intensive phase of colonisation) • 1914 : not a single independent state in the Pacific, hardly any in Africa, Asia strongly affected (India : 3,3 M km² by UK: 0,24 M km² : 14 times smaller) • Why ?

  29. Jean Monnet (1888-1979) - Historical context • Ideology • Enlightenment: civilize the ‘primitives’ • Kipling (1894-95) : « burden of the white man »: feels responsible of civilising the world • Jules Ferry : « Superior races » (Speech 28/07/1885) • Res nullius : first-come, first-served!

  30. Jean Monnet (1888-1979) - Historical context • Economy • Crisis 1873-1895 + protectionism => need outlets • First-come, First-served • Geopolitical strategy • Naval bases to protect maritime routes (UK : Gibraltar, Malta, Cyprus, South Africa, Suez).

  31. Jean Monnet (1888-1979) - Historical context Intra-european competition Colonialism heels national pride (France lost the Alsace-Lorraine region to Germany in 1871, Portugal lost a war against the USA in 1898, Spain loses its last colonies in 1898 : Cuba, Puerto Rico, Philippines).

  32. Jean Monnet (1888-1979) - Historical context • The rise of nationalisms • Beg. 20th c.: destructive nationalism rejecting other nations • « new secular religion » : all European states seek to « build peoples ». • School programmes are instrumentalised for this purpose (see example in the next slide).

  33. Jean Monnet (1888-1979) - Historical context A Tour de France by two children : 6 millions copies printed by 1900 (used until 1950s).

  34. Jean Monnet (1888-1979) - Historical context From patriotism to nationalism (all across Europe) • 1882 : Patriots League (Paul Déroulède + general Boulanger) : anti-Dreyfus, spirit of revenge against Germany • 1898 : Ligue de la patrie française (Degas, Renoir, Maurice Barrès : Les Déracinés, very emotional, criticised jews for being genetically greedy, petty, corrupt, etc.) • 1905 : Action Française (Charles Maurras, monarchist)

  35. Jean Monnet (1888-1979) - Legacy Peace and reconstruction Born in 1888, leaves school at the age of 16, goes to London to work and study English and then works abroad for his family cognac firm.

  36. Jean Monnet (1888-1979) - Legacy • « The community invention » • 1945 : The new French leader de Gaulle asks Monnet to conceive a plan to rebuild the French economy with the support of the Marshall plan (April 1948: OEEC, Organisation for European Economic Co-operation, now OECD) • Condition to receive the money: Europeans need to cooperate…

  37. Jean Monnet (1888-1979) - Legacy • March 1948 : Defense treaty between UK, France, Benelux, against USSR. • May 1950 : Robert Schuman declaration(Min. Foreign affairs) prepared by Monnet : he suggests to create the European Coal and Steel CommunityECSC, Monnet 1st president in 1952). http://europa.eu/abc/symbols/9-may/decl_en.htm

  38. Jean Monnet (1888-1979) - Legacy 1955 : « Commitee for the united states of Europe » (parties and unions for a common market and monetary system, a European Council, UK membership, European Parliament election with universal suffrage). “We are not forming coalitions of states, we are uniting men” http://www.historiasiglo20.org/europe/monnet.htm

  39. Aristide Briand (1862-1932) French statesman who served eleven terms as Prime Minister of France during the French Third Republic and was a co-laureate of the 1926 Nobel Peace Prize. Supported a Federation of European states. The current French PM Jean-Marc Ayrault (1950 - ) puts flowers on his grave every year… http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristide_Briand

  40. Movie time ! European Union - News - 50 years of the EU (4’15) http://youtu.be/f6mvgKGZozY

  41. II – Values What are the values of the EU? And where can we find them?

  42. European values Article 2 of the current EU treaty: • The Union’s aim is to promote peace, its values and the well-being of its peoples • It offers its citizens an area of freedom, security and justice • It supports the sustainable development of Europe • It fights social exclusion • Its contibutes to peace, security, sustainable development of the planet http://europa.eu/lisbon_treaty/index_en.htm

  43. Founding treaty of The Union Treaty of Lisbon (December 2009)

  44. The Treaty of Lisbon http://europa.eu/lisbon_treaty/index_en.htm • ‘Lisbon Treaty’ signed in December 2007, entered into force in December 2009. • Similar to Constitutional Treaty but removed constitutional terminology and symbols. Further opt-outs and concessions to UK and others (Charter of Human Rights, voting on foreign policy, …).

  45. Copenhaguen criteria (1993) To join the EU, a new Member State must meet three criteria: • Political: stability of institutions guaranteeing democracy, the rule of law, human rights and respect for and protection of minorities; • Economic: existence of a functioning market economy and the capacity to cope with competitive pressure and market forces within the Union; • Acceptance of the Community acquis: ability to take on the obligations of membership, including adherence to the aims of political, economic and monetary union. http://europa.eu/scadplus/glossary/accession_criteria_copenhague_en.htm

  46. The Charter of Fundamental Rights The Charter is fully endorsed by the Union’s founding treaty. As a consequence, all Union citizens are on the same legal playing field and can use European laws to defend themselves. http://www.europarl.europa.eu/charter/default_en.htm

  47. The Charter of fundamental rights Set out in a single text, for the first time in the European Union's history, the whole range of civil, political, economic and social rights of European citizens and all persons resident in the EU. These rights are divided into 6 sections: • Dignity • Freedoms • Equality • Solidarity • Citizens' rights • Justice http://www.europarl.europa.eu/charter/default_en.htm

  48. Chapter I. Dignity • Article 1. Human dignity Human dignity is inviolable. It must be respected and protected. • Article 2. Right to life 1. Everyone has the right to life. 2. No one shall be condemned to the death penalty, or executed. • Article 3. Right to the integrity of the person 1. Everyone has the right to respect for his or her physical and mental integrity. 2. In the fields of medicine and biology, the following must be respected http://www.europarl.europa.eu/charter/default_en.htm

  49. Chapter I. Dignity • Article 4. Prohibition of torture and inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment No one shall be subjected to torture or to inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. • Article 5. Prohibition of slavery and forced labour 1. No one shall be held in slavery or servitude. 2. No one shall be required to perform forced or compulsory labour. 3. Trafficking in human beings is prohibited. http://www.europarl.europa.eu/charter/default_en.htm

More Related