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Progress towards Pulsed Multi-MW Proton Driver(s) in Europe

Progress towards Pulsed Multi-MW Proton Driver(s) in Europe. Introduction Status & Plans at ISIS (Rutherford Laboratory – UK) Status & Plans at CERN (CH) Summary. Introduction. Credits. Work on- and information about- ISIS: Chris Prior Contributors to the SPL/Linac4: SPL Study team

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Progress towards Pulsed Multi-MW Proton Driver(s) in Europe

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  1. Progress towardsPulsed Multi-MW Proton Driver(s) in Europe Introduction Status & Plans at ISIS (Rutherford Laboratory – UK) Status & Plans at CERN (CH) Summary

  2. Introduction 2

  3. Credits • Work on- and information about- ISIS: Chris Prior • Contributors to the SPL/Linac4: • SPL Study team CEA (Saclay) + CNRS (Orsay & Grenoble) + CERN • HIP working group CERN • IPHI-SPL COLLABORATION CEA (Saclay) + CNRS (Orsay & Grenoble) + CERN • HIPPI JRA (inside CARE, supported by the European Union) CEA (F), CERN (CH), Frankfurt University (D), GSI (D), INFN-Milano (I), IN2P3 (F), RAL (GB), KFZ Juelich (D) • ISTC projects #2875, 2888 and 2889 BINP (Novosibirsk), IHEP (Protvino), IHEP (Moscow), VNIIEF (Sarov), VNIITF (Snezinsk) • Special contributions to the neutrino factory studies: • M. Aiba, M. Meddahi 3

  4. Recent References [beyond the references given on the web-site of BENE – non-exhaustive] • CERN working group on “Proton Accelerators of the Future” [http://paf.web.cern.ch/paf/] • “Conceptual Design of the SPL (II)”, CERN-2006-006 [http://cdsweb.cern.ch/record/989077/files/ab-2006-081.pdf] • “Analyzis of the maximum potential proton flux to CNGS”, CERN-AB-2007-013-PAF, [http://cdsweb.cern.ch/record/1027754/files/ab-2007-013.pdf] • “Feasibility Study of Accumulator and Compressor for the 6-bunches SPL-based Proton Driver”, CERN-AB-2008-060 [http://cdsweb.cern.ch/record/1125556/files/CERN-AB-2008-060.pdf] • “Assessment of the basic parameters of the CERN SPL”, CERN-AB-2008-067-BI-RF, http://cdsweb.cern.ch/record/1136901/files/CERN-AB-2008-067.pdf • EPAC’08: “Upgrade Issues for the CERN Accelerator Complex” [http://accelconf.web.cern.ch/accelconf/e08/talks/fryagm01_talk.pdf and http://accelconf.web.cern.ch/accelconf/e08/papers/fryagm01.pdf] • HIPPI’08: “High Power Proton Drivers at RAL” [http://indico.cern.ch/getFile.py/access?contribId=14&sessionId=11&resId=2&materialId=slides&confId=39839] • 3rd CHIPP Swiss neutrino workshop: “CERN Initiatives for Future neutrino Beams” [http://indico.cern.ch/materialDisplay.py?contribId=12&sessionId=2&materialId=slides&confId=43639] 4

  5. Status and Plans at ISIS 5

  6. Proton Driver • RAL work is directed at a high intensity proton accelerator delivering several MW of average beam power to a production target • Applications to • spallation neutron sources • nuclear waste transmutation • energy amplifier • secondary particle production • neutrino superbeams • neutrino factories • For a Neutrino Factory: • 4 MW at ~50 Hz, ~10 GeV • bunches of ~1 ns rms duration. • For a Neutron Source • 4-5 MW at ~50 Hz, 1-3 GeV • bunches of • Note: the ISIS spallation neutron source operates at ~160kW. Materials & Life Sciences at ~3 GeV Nuclear & Particle Physics at ~50GeV R&D for ADS at ~0.5GeV 6

  7. Main Design Issues • Choice between • Full energy linac and accumulator/storage rings (e.g. SNS, ESS) • Low/intermediate energy linac, booster RCS, main accelerating ring (synchrotron or FFAG) (e.g. J-PARC) • Requirement for very low uncontrolled beam loss throughout machine. • met with fast beam chopper in linac, achromats and advanced collimation systems • Beam accumulation via charge exchange injection • Trapping and acceleration in rings (instability studies, halo, emittance growth) • Nanosecond bunch compression for Neutrino Factory • imposes additional considerations beyond a neutron source. 7

  8. Possible Schemes • Hˉ linac with pairs of 50 Hz booster and 25 Hz driver synchrotrons (RCS) • Hˉ linac with 50 Hz booster RCS and 50 Hz non-scaling FFAG • Hˉ linac with chain of 3 FFAGs in series • Hˉ linac with 2 slower cycling synchrotrons and 2 holding rings • Full energy Hˉ linac with accumulator and compressor rings - CERN, Fermilab 8

  9. UKNF Proton Drivers • 5 GeV, 50 Hz: two-ring booster (50Hz) feeding two main synchrotrons (25 Hz) • 15 GeV, 25 Hz: two-ring boosters (25 Hz) feeding two main synchrotrons (12.5 Hz) • 6-8 GeV, 50 Hz design: as above, suggested as a development path for ISIS • 30 GeV, 8.33 Hz, slow cycling synchrotron, intended as upgrade for CERN PS • 10 GeV, 50 Hz: 3 GeV booster feeding single FFAG • 10 GeV, 50 Hz: 3 GeV booster feeding single RCS 9

  10. Recent Developments at ISIS • Recent accelerator developments • injector upgrade • dual harmonic RF system • New 10 Hz target station, TS2 • takes one pulse in five from ISIS synchrotron • 48 kW power, 60 μA current • optimised for cold neutron production for research into • Soft Matter, Advanced Materials, Bio-materials, Nano-technology • ISIS upgrade studies • linac development (incl. HIPPI) • MW proton driver for neutrons or neutrinos 10

  11. ISIS MW Upgrades • designs optimized for neutron production • all include beam to TS2 • primary considerations are: • cost relative to new facility • impact on ISIS operations 11

  12. Expedient Upgrade • In present financial climate, “cheap” option to • safeguard the future of ISIS: • Replace existing 70MeV linac with new injector. • Lower the space-charge, more accumulated beam. • Same injection geometry, some upgrades to ring (RF). • Increase rep. rate to 64 Hz with same peak RF voltages. • Significant power increase 240 kW → ~500 kW • 2 bunches per pulse each of 3.75×1013 protons • Advantage of replacing old equipment and good potential for future upgrades. 12

  13. Diagnostics Chopper LEBT RFQ Ion source Linac Front-End (FETS) Toshiba 324 MHz klystron Ion source RAL Chopper RFQ cold model

  14. ~100m High Current 180 MeV H– Linac Studies • An H- linac to ~200 MeV is common to all RAL proton accelerator designs, whether for neutron sources or as the driver for a muon-based neutrino factory. • RAL’s work related to similar studies at CERN for Linac4 Plans for £20m Proton Driver test facility at RAL. Could be linac accelerating structures or a test model of a proton FFAG 14

  15. Diamond ISIS New 3.2 GeV synchrotron New 800 MeV linac Favoured Option forUpgrading ISIS • Add new 3.2 GeV synchrotron • Bucket-bucket transfer (2 bunches) from ISIS • Simple energy increase gives ~0.75 MW to new neutron production target (40 Hz) • Build new 800 MeV H- linac; possibly decommission ISIS • Charge exchange injection, phase space painting • 5 bunches for neutron production • 2 MW at 30 Hz, ~5 MW at 50 Hz 15

  16. 800 MeV Hˉ linac Beam power for 2 MW, 30 Hz, 3.2 GeV RCS: 0.5 MW Beam pulse current before MEBT chopping: 43.0 mA Beam pulse current after MEBT chopping: 30.0 mA Number of injected turns for a 370 m RCS: ~500 turns Beam pulse duration at the 30 Hz rep rate: ~700.0 μs Duty cycle for the extent of the beam pulse: ~2.1 % MEBT(in) normalised rms emittances (π mm mr): 0.25, 0.375 MEBT(out) normalised rms emittances (π mm mr): 0.292, 0.41 Cell equipartition trans/long phase shift ratios: 1.40 16

  17. Very Preliminary Initial Linac Outline Design 17

  18. 3.2 GeV Rapid Cycling Synchrotron 18

  19. Can Upgraded ISIS be used for NF? Fundamental criterion: must not affect neutron production to users Upgraded ISIS Increase rep. rate Neutron use NF use Increase repetition rate to 50 Hz, leave 3 of the 5 bunches for neutron use, put remaining two into a separate new synchrotron and accelerate to 10 GeV. Leaves neutron production unaffected and gives 4 MW for NF 19

  20. Proton Driverfor a Neutrino Factory Lower injection energies provide smaller bucket area in the ring and the small longitudinal emittance needed for final ns bunch compression. Studies show that 180 MeV is a realistic energy for NF. Separate main ring with optics chosen for ns bunch compression. Could be FFAG (cheaper but insufficiently developed) or a synchrotron (reliable, tried and tested) Special achromat for collimation (longitudinal and transverse) and momentum ramping for injection Separate booster ring designed for low loss phase space painting for beam injection and accumulation. Synchrotron moving buckets give flexibility to capture all of the injected beam. Compressed bunches need to be held and sent to target at intervals of 20-100 μs. Possible in FFAG and also synchrotron with flat top. 20

  21. RAL FFAG Driver • Advantages of non-scaling FFAG • high duty cycle, lower RF fields. • metallic vacuum chambers (v. ceramic for RCS). • single rings and transfer lines (v. double for RCS systems) => cheaper. • adiabatic bunch compression easier (v. LAR system). • bunches can be held in compressed state until needed. 21

  22. EMMA FFAG Development Electron test model of a non-scaling muon FFAG. 10-20 MeV, 16.57 m circumference Study: resonances, longitudinal and transverse beam dynamics Uses the injector of ALICE (ERLP at Daresbury). Experimental programme starts September 2009 22

  23. BUT: Proton bunches for neutron production have large longitudinal emittances. Can we do required ns bunch compression with a neutron optimised beam? Note: J-PARC, with neutron production at 3 GeV, can compress only to 10 ns rms in the 50 GeV ring 23

  24. Status and Plans at CERN 24

  25. PLANS FOR FUTURE INJECTORS: Motivation • Lack of reliability: • Ageing accelerators (PS is 48 years old !) operating far beyond initial parameters • Þ need for new accelerators designed for the needs of SLHC • 2. Main performance limitation: • Excessive incoherent space charge • tune spreads DQSC at injection in the • PSB (50 MeV) and PS (1.4 GeV) because • of the high required beam brightness N/e*. • Þ need to increase the injection energy in the synchrotrons • Increase injection energy in the PSB from 50 to 160 MeV kinetic • Increase injection energy in the PSB from 25 to 50 GeV kinetic • Design the PS successor (PS2) with an acceptable space charge effect for the maximum beam envisaged for SLHC: => injection energy of 4 GeV 25

  26. PLANS FOR FUTURE INJECTORS: Description Proton flux / Beam power 50 MeV Linac2 Linac4 160 MeV PSB (LP)SPL 1.4 GeV 4 GeV (LP)SPL: (Low Power) Superconducting Proton Linac (4-5 GeV) PS2: High Energy PS (~ 5 to 50 GeV – 0.3 Hz) SPS+: Superconducting SPS (50 to1000 GeV) SLHC: “Superluminosity” LHC (up to 1035 cm-2s-1) DLHC: “Double energy” LHC (1 to ~14 TeV) PS 26 GeV PS2 50 GeV Output energy SPS 450 GeV SPS+ 1 TeV LHC / SLHC DLHC 7 TeV ~ 14 TeV 26

  27. PLANS FOR FUTURE INJECTORS: PS2 parameters PS2 goals: • to provide the beam brightness required by all considered SLHC options • to improve SPS operation in fixed target mode 27

  28. PLANS FOR FUTURE INJECTORS: PS2 injector Requirements of PS2 on its injector: 28

  29. PLANS FOR FUTURE INJECTORS: Why an SPL? • An H- linac combined with charge exchange injection in the following synchrotron is a proven solution for reliably reaching high beam brightness, • Superconducting accelerating structures allow for reaching 4 GeV with a single accelerator (minimum beam loss/irradiation + maximum reliability), • An SPL provides a large potential of extension to adapt to future needs. Among the identified possibilities: • Radioactive ion beam facility (4 MW at ~ 2.5 GeV) • Proton driver for a neutrino factory (4 MW at 5 GeV) [design available] • e+/e- acceleration to ~20 GeV (using recirculation in the b=1 part of the SPL) for LHeC [design • Large synergy with other projects (ESS, ADS, EURISOL, SNS…) and access to EU support for R & D. 29

  30. 160 MeV 50 MeV 3 MeV 102 MeV H- source RFQ DTL chopper CCDTL PIMS 352.2 MHz PLANS FOR FUTURE INJECTORS: Stage 1 (1/2) LINAC4 Layout Beam characteristics 30

  31. PLANS FOR FUTURE INJECTORS: Stage 1 (2/2) • Milestones • End CE works: December 2010 • Installation: 2011 • Linac commissioning: 2012 • Modifications PSB: shut-down 2012/13 (6 months) • Beam from PSB: 1rst of May 2013 31

  32. 180 MeV 4 GeV 50 MeV 643 MeV 3 MeV 102 MeV H- source RFQ DTL chopper CCDTL PIMS β=0.65 β=0.92 352.2 MHz 704.4 MHz PLANS FOR FUTURE INJECTORS: Stage 2 (1/4) LP-SPL + PS2 Linac4 (160 MeV) SC-linac (4 GeV) Length: 460 m LP-SPL beam characteristics 32

  33. PLANS FOR FUTURE INJECTORS: Stage 2 (2/4) LP-SPL + PS2 Construction of LP-SPL and PS2 will not interfere with the regular operation of Linac4 + PSB for physics. Similarly, beam commissioning of LP-SPL and PS2 will take place without interference with physics. • Milestones • Project proposal: June 2011 • Project start: January 2012 • LP-SPL commissioning: mid-2015 • PS2 commissioning: mid-2016 • SPS commissioning: May 2017 • Beam for physics: July 2017 33

  34. PLANS FOR FUTURE INJECTORS: Stage 2 (3/4) Integrated luminosity in LHC… New injectors + IR upgrade phase 2 Linac4 + IR upgrade phase 1 Early operation Collimation phase 2 34

  35. PLANS FOR FUTURE INJECTORS: Stage 2 (4/4) Site layout SPS PS2 ISOLDE PS SPL Linac4 35

  36. 180 MeV 5 GeV 50 MeV 643 MeV 3 MeV 102 MeV H- source RFQ DTL chopper CCDTL PIMS β=0.65 β=1.0 352.2 MHz 704.4 MHz PLANS FOR FUTURE INJECTORS: Stage 3 (1/4) HP-SPL Linac4 (160 MeV) SC-linac (5 GeV) Length: 460 m HP-SPL beam characteristics 36

  37. PLANS FOR FUTURE INJECTORS: Stage 3 (2/4) HP-SPL • The upgrade from LP-SPL to HP-SPL will depend upon the approval of major new physics programmes for Radioactive Ion beams (EURISOL-type facility) and/or for neutrinos (Neutrino factory). • Staged hardware upgrade during shutdowns • Earliest year of operation: 2020 37

  38. PLANS FOR FUTURE INJECTORS: Stage 3 (3/4) HP-SPL EURISOL EXPERIMENTAL HALLS RADIOACTIVE IONS LINAC TARGETS ISOLDE OR EURISOL HIGH ENERGY EXPERIMENTAL HALL TRANSFER LINE SPL to ISOLDE TRANSFER LINES SPL to EURISOL 38

  39. PLANS FOR FUTURE INJECTORS: Stage 3 (4/4) HP-SPL MUON ACCELERATORS MUON PRODUCTION TARGET MUON STORAGE RING ACCUMULATOR & COMPRESSOR SPL 39

  40. CERN Gran Sasso CONVENTIONAL n BEAMS WITH THE SPS: CNGS from E. Gschwendtner • 732 km baseline • From CERN to Gran Sasso (Italy) [Elevation of 5.9°] • Far detectors: • OPERA (1.21 kt), Icarus (600 t) • Commissioned 2006 • Operational since 2007 Proton beam characteristics • From SPS: 400 GeV/c • Cycle length: 6 s • Extractions: • 2 separated by 50ms • Pulse length: 10.5ms • Beam intensity: • 2x 2.4 · 1013 ppp • s ~0.5mm • Beam performance: • 4.5· 1019 pot/year 40

  41. CONVENTIONAL n BEAMS: SPS with new injectors (1/4) from M. Meddahi 41

  42. CONVENTIONAL n BEAMS: SPS with new injectors (2/4) from M. Meddahi 42

  43. CONVENTIONAL n BEAMS: SPS with new injectors (3/4) from M. Meddahi 43

  44. CONVENTIONAL n BEAMS: SPS with new injectors (4/4) from M. Meddahi 44

  45. n FACTORY: SPL-based proton driver (1/4) from M. Aiba • An HP-SPL based 5 GeV – 4 MW proton driver has been designed (HP-SPL + 2 fixed energy rings (accumulator & compressor) 45 R.G. @ ETH Zurich 18/11/2008

  46. n FACTORY: SPL-based proton driver (2/4) Accumulator [120 ns pulses - 95 ns gaps] SPL beam [42 bunches - 33 gaps] Compressor [120 ns bunch - V(h=3) = 4 MV] Target [2 ns bunches – 5 times] 46

  47. n FACTORY: SPL-based proton driver (3/4) from M. Aiba 47

  48. n FACTORY: SPL-based proton driver (4/4) from M. Aiba 48

  49. SUMMARY (1/2) There has been significant progress towards future pulsed proton driver(s) in Europe during CARE. • At RAL: • Different options have been studied, • A favored upgrade path of ISIS is recommended and starts being implemented, • At CERN: • The upgrade of the LHC hadron injectors has been studied, • The first stage of implementation is approved and taking place before 2013, • The preparation of detailed project proposals for the second stage (mid-2011) is also approved, • An SPL-based proton driver meeting the IDS specifications has been designed. It could be realized after the maximum SPL potential is obtained in a third stage (~2020). 49

  50. SUMMARY (2/2) Numerous issues deserve investigation to prepare for multi-MW proton drivers: • Detailed design of the accelerators with prototyping of key components, • Charge exchange injection in the synchrotron (Laser stripping?), • Stability and feasible emittances in the synchrotron, • Collimation, components activation, maintenance…, • Potential of FFAGs, • Target and target area. 50

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