Jefferson: His First Term as President

1. Jefferson: His First Term as President Mr. Calella American Studies I

2. Thomas Jefferson "I have sworn upon the altar of God eternal hostility against every form of tyranny over the mind of man."

3. Election of 1796: 1st Problem with the Electoral College • Adams/Pinckney (Federalists) vs. Jefferson/Burr (Rep) • Rule under the Constitution-did not foresee emergence of political parties • Result: Adams most votes and Jefferson second most • What are the pros and cons of the result? What if McCain became Obama’s VP?

4. Results of the Election of 1796 John Adams-President Thomas Jefferson-Vice President

5. Election of 1800: 2nd Problem with the Electoral College • Same men running again as in 1796 • Each Elector had two votes, but only one “bin” • Jefferson and Burr tie-vote goes to House • What did Jefferson expect Burr to do? Why do you think Burr refused? What kind of person do you think Burr was? • Federalists controlled House and pushed for Burr given their fear of Jefferson • However, Hamilton sways vote to Jefferson

6. Alexander Hamilton A national debt, if it is not excessive, will be to us a national blessing.

7. Revolution of 1800 & 12th Amendment • Why do you think Jefferson called his victory a “revolution”? Do you agree or disagree? Why? • IRONY: Jefferson expands the power of both the government and the presidency during his two terms in office. • 12th Amendment: provides for SEPARATE balloting in the Electoral College for P and VP (i.e., “two bins instead of one”)

8. Election of 1800 Electoral vote results Election ultimately decided by the House of Representatives

9. Jeffersonian Democracy • Jefferson vision for American democracy • Independent, self-sufficient yeoman farmers each owning piece of land • Same for Indians, excludes blacks and women • Budget cuts, especially military • Wanted to promote liberty and equality • Contradiction: owned slaves & belief in white supremacy; Sally Hemmings • Wanted to reduce power of central gov’t • Actually expanded power of gov’t and presidency

10. Jefferson, the man • “We are all Republicans-we are all Federalists.” • Why did he make this statement? • No excessive formality • Master politician • Willing to accept Federalist ideas which he knew would help the country • Hamilton’s bank and public finance system • Backing commerce and manufacturing • Building federal roads and canals

11. The Duel • Burr running for NY governor before 1804 Election-Jefferson to choose new mate • Burr counting on NY Federalists, but Hamilton makes comment in papers • Burr loses and blames Hamilton • The Challenge • Background on duels • The duel on the cliffs of Weehawken • Burr the villain (the shot and then treason) • Burr on trial-Chief Justice Marshall

12. The Duel Hamilton purposely shoots into the air, but the scoundrel Burr then takes aim and shoots Hamilton in the gut. Hamilton dies from the wound the next day, and Burr is charged with his murder. Burr , Vice President of the U.S. at the time, becomes a fugitive of the law. Burr goes on to commit an act of treason, but he is later found innocent. Burr is never tried for Hamilton’s murder.

13. Marbury v. Madison Judiciary Act of 1801 Midnight Justices Writ of Mandamus See Handout ACTIVITY: Marbury v. Madison skit

15. The Louisiana Purchase • Importance of the Purchase; crowning achievement for Jefferson as President • Background • Napoleon used land to “feed” Hispaniola • Sugar and rum as valuable commodities • Toussaint Louverture-REVOLUTION • Yellow Fever and guerrilla warfare

16. Toussaint Louverture The “Black Napoleon”

17. The Louisiana Purchase (continued) • The Deal • James Monroe and Robert R. Livingston • Authority for $10M-Florida and New Orleans • Why were these important to Jefferson? • 1803, accepted a better deal ($15M for whole area) pending ratification by 2/3s of Senate • Land could make Jefferson’s vision come true • Constitutional Issue • Treaty would be ratified, but constitutional? • Guilty because expanding gov’t power • Actually drafts Amendment, but ignores issue

18. Federalist Response to Purchase • Some attacked, but most supported like Hamilton • Hamilton’s bonds made the deal possible • Hamilton’s importance to the deal • Was it a smart move for the Federalists? • What is the irony behind England buying the bonds to fund the deal?

19. Clark, Lewis and Sacajawea Goal: find an all-water route to the Pacific Ocean

20. The Lewis and Clark Expedition • Why was Jefferson hoping to find an all-water route to the Pacific Ocean? • Wanted to know what he just bought • Flora and Fauna (Wooly Mammoths?) • Indians and Jefferson’s hope for these peoples • 1804, The two leaders-CHALLENGE • Military expedition and Mandan additions • Reach Pacific in 1805 and return in 1806 to everyone’s surprise • Coming home was a lot quicker! • A BIG SUCCESS-only 1 death

21. The Barbary Pirates • North African nations • Tribute payments to Pashas • Jefferson refuses to pay Pasha of Tripoli • 1801, Tripoli declares war and Jefferson sends in the Marines! • “Half hearted and ill started” (1801-1803) • Famous victory in 1804 • Importance of Jefferson’s actions • Sets up precedent for future presidents • Jefferson expands powers of president

22. Conclusion • First term was huge success • Order without discipline, security without large military, prosperity without regulation • Adopted the strong points of the Federalists and made them his own • Wins reelection overwhelmingly • However, his second term is marked with CHALLENGES