Key Events in Early U.S. History: Precedents, Industrialization, and Expansion

1. Unit 3 Review

2. Washington’s precedents? • Cabinet (advisers), two terms, “President”, neutrality • XYZ Affair – What? Result? Whose administration? • French asked for “tribute” (bribe) to negotiate; John Adams • Spurred anti-French sentiment • Judiciary Act of 1789? • Created system of federal courts & Supreme Court • Washington’s Cabinet? • State – Jefferson, Attorney General – Randolph, War – Knox, Treasury – Hamilton • Hamilton’s Plan? • Develop strong commercial/industrial economy, pay federal debts, state debts, establish credit, and respectability

3. Whiskey Rebellion – impact? • 1. Showed strong federal govt; 2. developed two parties Federalist (strong fed.) and Dem-Rep (weak fed) • Jefferson’s accomplishments? • Paid down debt, reduced military, streamlined govt. bureaucracy, LA Purchase (doubled size of US), Embargo Act 1807 (bad – angered voters, support shifted to Federalists, hurt economy) • War of 1812(James Madison)? • British impressments and interference with trade; freedom of the seas • War Hawks supported invasion of Canada & war • Navy had some success; British captured and burned DC • Result – US would endure; rise of nationalism • Federalists died out due to lack of support of War of 1812 (“traitors and defeatists”)

4. Improvements in transportation and communication? • Canals (Erie – New York becomes commercial center); connects Great Lakes to Atlantic • Turnpikes, National Road, Steamboat (Robert Fulton) , Railroads (faster, more products, cheaper) • Telegraph – Samuel F.B. Morse

5. John Marshall Court – importance? • Strengthened federal power; Marbury v. Madison – Judicial Review • McCullough v. Maryland – LOOSE construction; increased Fed., bank • Gibbons v. Ogden – Congress can regulate interstate commerce • Industrial Revolution – Where? Why? Results? • England (textiles); Slater sets up water powered mill, stole secret • New England had swift rivers for power • Switch from hand made to machine made (factories); manufacturing • Divides labor into small tasks • Large labor supply (later immigrants mid 1800’s Ireland and Germany) • Urban society – crowded, tenements, discrimination, but overall better opportunities • NE - Favored protective tariffs (people bought American-made)

6. Southern economy? • Agricultural, cotton gin (Eli Whitney) expands slavery, makes cotton “King” as more land opens in west for farming; reliance on one crop hinders industrial development; increased use of slaves • Opposed tariff – made prices higher • Most people supported slavery even if they didn’t own slaves • Tension & growing sectionalism as nation expands (Missouri Compromise – ME – free, MO – slave, no slavery north of 36 latitude)

7. Indian Removal? • Southerners wanted land; Jackson wants them out; Indian Removal Act; Trail of Tears – to Oklahoma reservations • Election of 1824? • Jackson wins popular vote; goes to House of Representatives; Clay supports JQ Adams – so Adams wins, Clay becomes Sec. of State • Corrupt bargain (Jacksonians furious) • Jackson campaigns across country; promotes common man, more could vote (suffrage), reduced land restrictions • 1828 Jackson wins; spoils system (rewards friends w/jobs)

8. Jackson? • First Democrat, spoils system, Indian Removal, (had won Battle of New Orleans), common man, hated fed power, Bank of US (favored rich); vetoes 2nd bank (leads to Whig party formation); defies US Supreme Court on Indian Removal (states’ rights); supports federal power of nullification issue (SC threatens to secede of Tariff) • Transcendentalists? • Thoreau, Emerson – transcend traditional religion to find spirituality; learning through nature; Thoreau “Civil Disobedience” – stay w/conscience; peacefully defy; Walden (Pond), lived in harmony with nature

9. Reforms? • Education (Mann); more schools, books, teacher training; access to more people • Prison/Mentally Ill (Dix) better conditions; separate facilities • Temperance – Moderation; led by women (most affected by drinking) • Slavery – Abolition; moral issue; hard work; Garrison (The Liberator), Douglass (“North Star”), Tubman, Truth; Grimke sisters, American Colonization Society (Liberia) • Women – from Abolition to women’s rights (realized they had no rights) Mott, Stanton; Seneca Falls Convention

10. Western movement? • Manifest Destiny (God’s will to expand from sea to sea) • Land availability; trails west (Santa Fe, Oregon); hardships • Brigham Young – Mormons to Salt Lake, Utah • Gold 1848 in California (Gold Rush) • Admission of California becomes major issue – slave or free? • Compromise of 1850

11. Texas? • Stephen Austin leads settlers to Texas, good land • Agreed to obey Mexican law (no slaves, Catholic, Mexican citizens); did not obey • Flocked to TX by thousands, wanted own state • Lone Star State; borders disputed • New leader – Santa Ana seizes power, wants Americans out • Mexican War • President Polk – expansionist

12. Alamo – Santa Ana’s men kill all; “Remember the Alamo!” • War easily won by US – technology, leaders • Santa Ana defeated by Sam Houston • Battle of San Jacinto • US gets Southwest (NM, AZ, CA) • Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo • Gadsden Purchase – SW corner of CA; for railroad • Wilmot Proviso – Slavery should be BANNED in new territory; conflict in Congress; never passed but showed split over territory