from EML to Learning Design & Planned OS Implementations focusing on RELOAD

1. from EML to Learning Design & Planned OS Implementationsfocusing onRELOAD Bill Olivier Director, CETIS

2. OU Netherlands EML • In 1997 OUNL: strategic decision to provide eLearning as key to their future development • 3 year internally funded R&D programme • Many pedagogies already in use at the OUNL needed to be supported. How? • Extensive research into pedagogies (100+) • Abstracted a common meta-language:the Educational Modelling Language – EML • Use EML to describe the learning process • Core of the language: People engage in Activities with Resources

3. OU Netherlands EML People engage in Activities with Resources Elaborating the core elements of the EML: • People: one or many, learners or staff • At design time, don’t know who • But can specify the ‘Roles’ they are to play • Activities: description + structured info • ‘learning objectives’; prerequisites; metadata • Resources: learning objects & services • EML has many types of object • This got simplified in Learning Design Many Roles, objects & services need to be co-ordinated in a ‘learning flow’

4. OU Netherlands EML What kinds of Learning? • Integrate use of content and discussions or more complex collaborative services • Support group learning where people engage in either: • The same things at different times • Different things at the same time • Support different types of learning • Problem-based & Project-based Learning • Tightly controlled Programmed Learning • Loosely controlled Role Play Learning • Etc.

5. OU Netherlands EML • EML went through 3 cycles of: specification-implementation-refinement • Too general: described many pedagogies, but not enough functionality/detail to be useful • Too specific: Now useful but limited range of pedagogies • “Just right”: could describe a wide range of approaches with enough to be useful • EML v1.0 was made public in Dec 2000 • Key Questions:Will implementations provide enough? If not will future version be more complicated? – too complicated?

6. IMS • IMS also started in 1997 • By end of 2000 IMS had developed: • Metadata (to describe learning content & objects) • Enterprise (to pass enrolments & return results) • Content Packaging (to transfer & display content) • QTI (to describe portable tests and return results) • LIP (to describe learners and their learning) • But nothing to describe the learning process itself • CETIS had argued in IMS for the need to also support multi-person models of learning • and saw IMS & OUNL specs as complementary

7. IMS • Instructional -> Learning Design WG, 2001 • Ambitious scope – Framework: • To describe learning processes • Support different approaches to learning • Multi-user as well as single learner • Portable, searchable, reusable, etc. • …but couldn’t develop from scratch in 1 year • July 2001, WG accepted EML as input specification from which to build • Problem: EML very large. Solution: • Drop EML’s Content Description (DocBook derived) • Use IMS Content Packaging to hold ‘web content’

8. Extends IMS Content Packaging • The Learning Design Specification suggests: • Learning Design goes into the CP Organizations element • It replaces the simple Organization/Item ‘Finder-style’ tree structure with a richer more developed structure • existing Content Packages can be re-used by reference or by including them as sub-manifests • Conceptually LD wraps the content with: • Multiple roles and coordinated activities • Learning Objectives and Prerequisites are integral • It adds Services – currently the main ones are: • send-mail • conference

9. Where LD goes in a Content Package IMS Content Package (imsmanifest.xml) manifest metadata organizations learning-design resources manifest (sub-manifests of included sub-packages)

10. Main Parts of Learning Design Core elements of theLD Language Multi-player, multi-resource co-ordination learning-design title learning-objective prerequisites* components roles* activities* environments* method play* act* role-parts* metadata (* = there may be many of these)

11. The Dynamics of Learning Design Act 1 Act 2 Act 3 Act 4 Act 5 Role-part 1 Role-part 2 Role-part 3 Role-part … Environment Learning objects Learning services Role Activity method play Activity- Description components

12. Sub Parts of Learning Design components roles learner* staff* activities learning-activity* environment-ref* activity-description support-activity* activity-structure* {sequence|selection} environment-ref* activity-ref* activity-structure-ref* environments environment* learning-object* service* mail-send* conference* environment-ref* method play* act* role-parts* role-ref activity-ref xxxxx-refa reference is like an arrow pointing to another object. There can be several references to one object. (cf a Windows alias). References allow an object to be (re-) used in several places. (*= there may be many of these)

13. Including CPs & SCOs in LD • Ways of using CP with LD • As just seen: Use CP to package LD • Include CPs as sub-manifests • Reference CPs as files in the same package • Reference CPs as external entities via URL • Ways of using SCOs with LD • Could include LD as an alternative Organization and include SCORM enabled content • Include SCOs as sub-manifests • Reference SCOs as files in the same package • Reference SCOs as external entities via URL • When referencing other LDs, CPs & SCOs, need to use agreed Resource type identifiers

14. Accommodating Simple Sequencing • IMS Learning Design has 3 Levels: • Level A is the core language • Level B adds properties and conditions to Level A • Level C adds notifications to Level B • Why? • To allow staged implementations • To accommodate Simple Sequencing • Particularly for vendors that have already implemented Simple Sequencing • By making properties & conditions optional, hooks can be added to include SS instead.

15. Accommodating Simple Sequencing • BUT - SS has a single-user model- LD has a multi-user model • SS included where LD supports a single userworking with content • LD properties and conditions provide greater generality • supports variables • Has generic if-then-else structure • They are single and multi-user in scope • Simple Sequencing aimed for an 80:20 • 80% of (single user) cases • 20% of the commands

16. Example of Project-based Learning How might a learning design play out in an example

17. Example of Project-based Learning Act 1 Act 2 Act 3 Act 4 Act 5 Role-part 1 Intro Learner Read Introduction Intro Resources Overview, Approach and Main Tasks play

18. Example of Project-based Learning Act 1 Act 2 Act 3 Act 4 Act 5 Role-part 2 Intro Teacher Read Introduction &Teacher Notes Intro Resources Overview, Approach and Main Tasks Teacher Notes play

19. Example of Project-based Learning Act 1 Act 2 Act 3 Act 4 Act 5 Role-part 3 Planning Learner Agree Goals & Divide Tasks into the following groups: 1. … Planning Resources Conference System Guidelines Hidden Resources (initially invisible) play

20. Example of Project-based Learning Act 1 Act 2 Act 3 Act 4 Act 5 Role-part 4 Planning Teacher Monitor Planning discussions. Make hidden resources visible as necessary Planning Resources Conference System Guidelines Hidden Resources (visible to teacher) play

21. Example of Project-based Learning Act 1 Act 2 Act 3 Act 4 Act 5 Role-part 5 Role-part 6 Role-part 7 Research 1 Research Group 1 Research Group 2 Research 1 Research 1 Research Group 3 Search Internet for… Search Internet for… Search Internet for… Planning Resources Initial research links. Links to search engines + online databases Planning Resources Initial research links. Links to search engines + online databases Research Resources Initial research links. Links to search engines online databases play

22. Example of Project-based Learning Act 1 Act 2 Act 3 Act 4 Act 5 Role-part 5 Research Teacher Model research thinking & search techniques Research Resources Initial research links. Links to search engines online databases play

23. Example of Project-based Learning Act 1 Act 2 Act 3 Act 4 Act 5 Role-part 8 Design Learner Share found Resources. Design Web site on subject X Design Resources Conference System Design Tools Help Hidden Resources (initially invisible) play

24. Example of Project-based Learning Act 1 Act 2 Act 3 Act 4 Act 5 Role-part 9 Design Teacher Monitor Design discussions Make hidden resources visible as necessary Design Resources Conference System Design Tools Help Hidden Resources (visible to teacher) play

25. Example of Project-based Learning Act 1 Act 2 Act 3 Act 4 Act 5 Role-part 10 Evaluate Learner Evaluate reaction of peers to your Website (f2f) Send evaluations to Assessor Evaluation Conference System Evaluation Forms Email Assessor play

26. Example of Project-based Learning Act 1 Act 2 Act 3 Act 4 Act 5 Role-part 11 Evaluate Teacher Monitor f2f evaluation as necessary Add redesign loops as needed Notify Assessor Evaluation Conference System Design Tools Help Email Assessor play

27. Example of Project-based Learning Act 1 Act 2 Act 3 Act 4 Act 5 Role-part 12 Evaluate Assessor Assess websites and return results email Teacher Evaluation Email Teacher play

28. What might LD look like? 1. Participant’s Browser View of a Live Learning Design

29. What might LD look like? Act 5 Act 6 Completed next Participant’s Browser View of a Learning Design Act 4 Act 1 Act 2 Act 3 Role: Researcher 1 Activities Activity 1 Activity 2 Activity 3 Activity 3.1 Activity 3.2 Activity 4

30. What might LD look like? Act 5 Act 6 Completed next Participant’s Browser View of a Learning Design Act 4 Act 1 Act 2 Act 3 Role: Researcher 1 Activities Activity 1 Activity 2 Activity 3 Activity 3.1 Activity 3.2 Activity 4 Description ………. ….. ……………. Resources Object 1 Object 2 Service 1

31. What might LD look like? Act 5 Act 6 Completed next Participant’s Browser View of a Learning Design Act 4 Act 1 Act 2 Act 3 Role: Researcher 1 Activities Activity 1 Activity 2 Activity 3 Activity 3.1 Activity 3.2 Activity 4 Description ………. ….. ……………. Resources Object 1 Object 2 Service 1 View panel for Service

32. What might LD look like? Act 5 Act 6 Completed next Participant’s Browser View of a Learning Design Act 4 Act 1 Act 2 Act 3 Role: Researcher 1 Activities Activity 1 Activity 2 Activity 3 Activity 3.1 Activity 3.2 Activity 4 Description …… …. … .. ….. ….. ………… ……… ……. …. …. ……….

33. What might LD look like? Act 5 Act 6 Completed next Participant’s Browser View of a Learning Design Act 4 Act 1 Act 2 Act 3 Role: Researcher 1 Activities Activity 1 Activity 2 Activity 3 Activity 3.1 Activity 3.2 Activity 4 Description …… …. … .. ….. ….. ………… ……… ……. …. …. ………. Resources Object 10

34. What might LD look like? Act 5 Act 6 Completed next Participant’s Browser View of a Learning Design Act 4 Act 1 Act 2 Act 3 Role: Researcher 1 Activities Activity 1 Activity 2 Activity 3 Activity 3.1 Activity 3.2 Activity 4 Description …… …. … .. ….. ….. ………… ……… ……. …. …. ………. Resources Object 10 View panel for Object 10

35. What might LD look like? Act 6 Completed Participant’s Browser View of a Learning Design Act 4 Act 1 Act 2 Act 3 Act 5 Role: Learner Activities Activity 5 Activity 5.1 Activity 5.2 Activity 5.3 Activity 6 Activity 7 done

36. What might LD look like? 2. Author’s View of an LD Environment Builder

37. What might LD look like? next Author’s View of an LD Environment Builder Environment Editor Environments Environment 1 Environment 2 Environment 3 Environment 4 Environment 5 Services Send-Mail Tmpt Conference Tmpt Conference 1 Conference 2 Conference 3 Send-Mail 1 Resources Resource 1 Resource 2 Resource 3 Resource 4 Resource 5 Resource 6 …….

38. What might LD look like? next Author’s View of an LD Environment Builder Environment Editor Environments Environment 1 Environment 2 Environment 3 Environment 4 Environment 5 Environment 3 Services Send-Mail Tmpt Conference Tmpt Conference 1 Conference 2 Conference 3 Send-Mail 1 Resources Resource 1 Resource 2 Resource 3 Resource 4 Resource 5 Resource 6 …….

39. What might LD look like? drag Author’s View of an LD Environment Builder Environment Editor Environments Environment 1 Environment 2 Environment 3 Environment 4 Environment 5 Environment 3 Services Send-Mail Tmpt Conference Tmpt Conference 1 Conference 2 Conference 3 Send-Mail 1 Resources Resource 1 Resource 2 Resource 3 Resource 4 Resource 5 Resource 6 …….

40. What might LD look like? next Author’s View of an LD Environment Builder Environment Editor Environments Environment 1 Environment 2 Environment 3 Environment 4 Environment 5 Environment 3 Resource 1 Services Send-Mail Tmpt Conference Tmpt Conference 1 Conference 2 Conference 3 Send-Mail 1 Resources Resource 1 Resource 2 Resource 3 Resource 4 Resource 5 Resource 6 …….

41. What might LD look like? drag Author’s View of an LD Environment Builder Environment Editor Environments Environment 1 Environment 2 Environment 3 Environment 4 Environment 5 Environment 3 Resource 1 Services Send-Mail Tmpt Conference Tmpt Conference 1 Conference 2 Conference 3 Send-Mail 1 Resources Resource 1 Resource 2 Resource 3 Resource 4 Resource 5 Resource 6 …….

42. What might LD look like? next Author’s View of an LD Environment Builder Environment Editor Environments Environment 1 Environment 2 Environment 3 Environment 4 Environment 5 Environment 3 Resource 1 Resource 3 Services Send-Mail Tmpt Conference Tmpt Conference 1 Conference 2 Conference 3 Send-Mail 1 Resources Resource 1 Resource 2 Resource 3 Resource 4 Resource 5 Resource 6 …….

43. What might LD look like? drag Author’s View of an LD Environment Builder Environment Editor Environments Environment 1 Environment 2 Environment 3 Environment 4 Environment 5 Environment 3 Resource 1 Resource 3 Services Send-Mail Tmpt Conference Tmpt Conference 1 Conference 2 Conference 3 Send-Mail 1 Resources Resource 1 Resource 2 Resource 3 Resource 4 Resource 5 Resource 6 …….

44. What might LD look like? next Author’s View of an LD Environment Builder Environment Editor Environments Environment 1 Environment 2 Environment 3 Environment 4 Environment 5 Environment 3 Resource 1 Resource 3 Resource 5 Services Send-Mail Tmpt Conference Tmpt Conference 1 Conference 2 Conference 3 Send-Mail 1 Resources Resource 1 Resource 2 Resource 3 Resource 4 Resource 5 Resource 6 …….

45. What might LD look like? drag Author’s View of an LD Environment Builder Environment Editor Environments Environment 1 Environment 2 Environment 3 Environment 4 Environment 5 Environment 3 Resource 1 Resource 3 Resource 5 Services Send-Mail Tmpt Conference Tmpt Conference 1 Conference 2 Conference 3 Send-Mail 1 Resources Resource 1 Resource 2 Resource 3 Resource 4 Resource 5 Resource 6 …….

46. What might LD look like? next Author’s View of an LD Environment Builder Environment Editor Environments Environment 1 Environment 2 Environment 3 Environment 4 Environment 5 Environment 3 Resource 1 Resource 3 Resource 5 Conference 1 Services Send-Mail Tmpt Conference Tmpt Conference 1 Conference 2 Conference 3 Send-Mail 1 Resources Resource 1 Resource 2 Resource 3 Resource 4 Resource 5 Resource 6 …….

47. What might LD look like? drag Author’s View of an LD Environment Builder Environment Editor Environments Environment 1 Environment 2 Environment 3 Environment 4 Environment 5 Environment 3 Resource 1 Resource 3 Resource 5 Conference 1 Services Send-Mail Tmpt Conference Tmpt Conference 1 Conference 2 Conference 3 Send-Mail 1 Resources Resource 1 Resource 2 Resource 3 Resource 4 Resource 5 Resource 6 …….

48. What might LD look like? next Author’s View of an LD Environment Builder Environment Editor Environments Environment 1 Environment 2 Environment 3 Environment 4 Environment 5 Environment 3 Resource 1 Resource 3 Resource 5 Conference 1 Send-Mail 1 Services Send-Mail Tmpt Conference Tmpt Conference 1 Conference 2 Conference 3 Send-Mail 1 Resources Resource 1 Resource 2 Resource 3 Resource 4 Resource 5 Resource 6 …….

49. What might LD look like? drag Author’s View of an LD Environment Builder Environment Editor Environments Environment 1 Environment 2 Environment 3 Environment 4 Environment 5 Environment 3 Resource 1 Resource 3 Resource 5 Conference 1 Send-Mail 1 Services Send-Mail Tmpt Conference Tmpt Conference 1 Conference 2 Conference 3 Send-Mail 1 Resources Resource 1 Resource 2 Resource 3 Resource 4 Resource 5 Resource 6 …….

50. What might LD look like? done Author’s View of an LD Environment Builder Environment Editor Environments Environment 1 Environment 2 Environment 3 Environment 4 Environment 5 Environment 3 Resource 1 Resource 3 Resource 5 Conference 1 Send-Mail 1 Environment 5 Services Send-Mail Tmpt Conference Tmpt Conference 1 Conference 2 Conference 3 Send-Mail 1 Resources Resource 1 Resource 2 Resource 3 Resource 4 Resource 5 Resource 6 …….