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The Evolution of Biston Betularia: From 1600 to 1950 and the Impact of Industrialization

Explore the fascinating evolution of the peppered moth, Biston betularia, from its first documented description in 1766 to the significant changes observed by 1950. This piece delves into macroevolution and microevolution, highlighting how species adapt over time due to environmental pressures. We examine the pivotal role of industrialization on the distribution and frequency of B. betularia's dark form, particularly in areas surrounding manufacturing centers. This case study serves as a captivating example of natural selection in action during a transformative era.

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The Evolution of Biston Betularia: From 1600 to 1950 and the Impact of Industrialization

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  1. Variation & Change Evolution = changes in the morphology or behavior of species over timeMacroevolution = irreversible large scale changes (e.g. speciation and extinction) that occur over thousands of generationsMicroevolution = reversible small scale changes within populations

  2. Mystery PhenomenonPart 1

  3. Butterfly & Moth Collecting 1600 1900 2000 1800 1700

  4. Butterfly & Moth Collecting TheatrumInsectorum(1634) 1st British insect book to include moths 1600 1900 2000 1800 1700

  5. Biston betularia f. typica 1766 First careful description of Biston betularia 1600 1900 2000 1800 1700

  6. Biston betularia f. typicaon lichened tree trunk

  7. Distribution Map of Biston betularia 1840 Distribution Map 1600 1900 2000 1800 1700

  8. DiscoveryBiston betularia f. carbonaria Manchester London 1848 - Manchester, UK 1600 1900 2000 1800 1700

  9. James W. Tutt (1858-1911) 1600 1900 2000 1800 1700

  10. Sightings of Biston betularia f. carbonaria By 1860 1600 1900 2000 1800 1700

  11. Sightings of Biston betularia f. carbonaria By 1870 1600 1900 2000 1800 1700

  12. Sightings of Biston betularia f. carbonaria By 1880 1600 1900 2000 1800 1700

  13. Sightings of Biston betularia f. carbonaria By 1890 1600 1900 2000 1800 1700

  14. Sightings of Biston betularia f. carbonaria By 1900 1600 1900 2000 1800 1700

  15. Sightings of Biston betularia f. carbonaria By 1910 1600 1900 2000 1800 1700

  16. Sightings of Biston betularia f. carbonaria By 1920 1600 1900 2000 1800 1700

  17. Sightings of Biston betularia f. carbonaria By 1930 1600 1900 2000 1800 1700

  18. Sightings of Biston betularia f. carbonaria By 1940 1600 1900 2000 1800 1700

  19. Sightings of Biston betularia f. carbonaria By 1950 1600 1900 2000 1800 1700

  20. Distribution of Biston betularia ca. 1950 Glasgow Frequency map of Biston betularia Manchester London

  21. Industrial Revolution Manchester: surroundings 1852 1820

  22. Industrial RevolutionManchester 1950s 1843

  23. Industrial Revolution

  24. Mystery Phenomenon:Why is the dark form becoming more common in areas downwind of manufacturing centers?

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