Forces and fields obey the superposition principle:

1. Forces and fields obey the superposition principle: Field from a group of particles is a vector sum of fields from each particle

2. Electric Field Properties • A small positive test charge is used to determine the electric field at a given point • The electric field is a vector field that can be symbolized by lines in space called electric field lines • The electric field is continuous, existing at every point, it just changes in magnitude with distance from the source

3. Electric Field Equation • Electric Field • For a continuous charge distribution

4. For spatially distributed charges – we can sub-divide the object into the small, “point-like” charges and integrate (sum up) the individual fields. Often, we assign charge density for such spacious charged objects

5. Examples of field calculations: fields of continuous charge distributions Field of a ring of charge on the symmetry axis

6. Positive charge is uniformly distributed around a semicircle. The electric field that this charge produces at the center of curvature P is in A. the +x-direction. B. the –x-direction. C. the +y-direction. D. the –y-direction. E. none of the above

7. Field of a disk, uniformly charged on the symmetry axis Surface charge density is s, radius R Area dA of a ring of radius r Changing variable of integration For the limit of x<<R, we have an electric field of the infinite plane sheet of charge and it is independent of the distance from the plane (assuming that distance x<<linear dimensions of the sheet)

8. Electric Field Line Properties • Relation between field lines and electric field vectors: • The direction of the tangent to a field line is the direction of the electric field E at that point • The number of field lines per unit area is proportional to the magnitude of E: the more field lines the stronger E • Electric field lines point in direction of force on a positive test charge therefore away from a positive charge and toward a negative charge • Electric field lines begin on positive charges and end on negative charges or infinity • No two electric field lines can cross

9. Electric field lines E is tangent to the electric field line – no 2 lines can cross (E is unique at each point) Magnitude of E is proportional to the density of the lines

10. Remember, electric field lines are NOT trajectories! When a particle moves on a curved path, the direction of acceleration (and hence of the force) is not collinear with the tangent to the curve

11. Electric dipole Many physical systems are described as electric dipoles – hugely important concept Water is a good solvent for ionic and polar substances specifically because of its dipole properties

12. Torque on the electric dipole (electric dipole moment from “-” to “+”) Electric field is uniform in space Net Force is zero Net Torque is not zero (torque is a vector) Stable and unstable equilibrium

13. Charge #2 +q Three point charges lie at the vertices of an equilateral triangle as shown. Charges #2 and #3 make up an electric dipole. The net electric torque that Charge #1 exerts on the dipole is Charge #1 +q y –q x Charge #3 A. clockwise. B. counterclockwise. C. zero. D. not enough information given to decide

14. Electric field of a dipole A - - + + d A d E-field on the line connecting two charges when r>>d E-field on the line perpendicular to the dipole’s axis General case – combination of the above two

15. Dipole’s Potential Energy E-field does work on the dipole – changes its potential energy Work done by the field (remember your mechanics class?) Dipole aligns itself to minimize its potential energy in the external E-field. Net force is not necessarily zero in the non-uniform electric field – induced polarization and electrostatic forces on the uncharged bodies

16. Reading Assignment : Chapter 21.5- 21.7 Next Lecture – in-class quiz about the material we covered (chapter 21 ) Homework Assignment: Check www.masteringphysics.com this afternoon Due next Tuesday by end of class