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RNA: Structures & Functions

RNA: Structures & Functions. PHA Biology 9 Moretti and Dickson. RNA Structure: Base Pairing. 4 Nitrogen Bases in RNA: Adenine Guanine Uracil Cytosine RNA –> DNA Base Pairing: A ---- U G ---- C. Objectives for Class :

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RNA: Structures & Functions

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  1. RNA: Structures & Functions PHA Biology 9 Moretti and Dickson

  2. RNA Structure: Base Pairing • 4 Nitrogen Bases in RNA: • Adenine • Guanine • Uracil • Cytosine • RNA –> DNA Base Pairing: • A ---- U • G ---- C • Objectives for Class: • Describe the major structural differences between DNA and RNA • Differentiate between structure and function differences between the types of RNA

  3. RNA Structure: DNAvs. RNA • Objectives for Class: • Describe the major structural differences between DNA and RNA • Differentiate between structure and function differences between the types of RNA

  4. Types of RNA: Overview • Objectives for Class: • Describe the major structural differences between DNA and RNA • Differentiate between structure and function differences between the types of RNA

  5. Types of RNA: Messenger RNA (mRNA) • Basic Structure: • Single Strand of RNA • Basic Function • Make a copy of DNA instructions to make a protein • Takes those instructions from DNA to Ribosome to make a protein • Every 3 bases is a Codon Small enough to leave the nucleus. DNA is too big! • Objectives for Class: • Describe the major structural differences between DNA and RNA • Differentiate between structure and function differences between the types of RNA

  6. Bio 9B: Friday, 2.25.10Title: Sub-Plan - Cell Regulation, Cancer & Stem Cells • Homework: • Read pages 302-306 in the textbook. Take active reading notes, paying attention to important vocabulary terms and to the following purpose questions: • How does the genetic code work? • What are the steps of translation? • Do Now: • Take out your notebooks and have one student from each table get enough Biology books for all students at the table. • Today’s Objectives: • Explain how cells regulate their growth and division • Explain how the cell cycle and mitosis relates to cancerous cells. • Describe what stem cells are and how they may be useful to medicine. • Explain some of the controversial issues surrounding stem cells.

  7. Bio 9B Sub-Plans for Friday, 2.25.10 Today’s Plan: • Part I: Actively Read Section 10-3 (pages 250-253), including the page on Stem Cells. Take reading notes in your notebooks. • Part II: Answer the following questions on a separate piece of paper to be handed in: • What is cancer, and how does it relate to the cell cycle? • Use the info on pages 250-251 to think of a drug that might help prevent or stop cancer. Explain how your new drug would work. • What are stem cells? Why are they important in the human body? • What are some possible medical uses of stem cells? Be specific • Why are stem cells controversial? Do you think scientists should be allowed to work with stem cells? Explain! These are INDIVIDUAL Assignments!!!!

  8. Bio 9B: Monday, 3.1.10Title: Transcription w/ RNA and the Genetic Code • Homework: • Complete Part II (page 2) of the Decoding DNA • Do Now: • MCAS Prep Do Now on following page • Today’s Objectives: • Differentiate between structure and function differences between the types of RNA • Use the genetic code to translate a DNA or RNA sequence into an amino acid sequence to make a protein.

  9. Do Now: MCAS Prep The mold Aspergillusflavusgrows on grain. A. flavusproduces a toxin that binds to DNA in the bodies of animals that eat the grain. The binding of the toxin to DNA blocks transcription, so it directly interferes with the ability of an animal cell to do which of the following? • Produce ATP using energy released from glucose and other nutrient • transport glucose across the cell membrane into the cytoplasm • Transfer proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi complexes • Send protein-building instructions from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and ribosomes • Objectives for Class: • Describe the purpose and major steps of transcription

  10. Types of RNA: Review and Refresher • Objectives for Class: • Describe the major structural differences between DNA and RNA • Differentiate between structure and function differences between the types of RNA

  11. Types of RNA: Transfer RNA (tRNA) • Basic Structure: • Coiled RNA strand • Amino Acid attached to the top • Anti-codon on the bottom • Basic Function: • Transfer amino acids to the ribosome to make a protein • Anti-codon on tRNA matches/ reads codon on mRNA • Objectives for Class: • Describe the major structural differences between DNA and RNA • Differentiate between structure and function differences between the types of RNA

  12. Types of RNA: Transfer RNA (tRNA) • Objectives for Class: • Describe the major structural differences between DNA and RNA • Differentiate between structure and function differences between the types of RNA

  13. Codons&AntiCodons Polypeptide Amino Acid • Codon • 3 base sequence on mRNA that specifies a single amino acid to be added to the polypeptide (protein) • Anticodon • 3 base sequence on tRNA that matches up with the mRNA codon t RNA t RNA Ribosome Anticodon Codon mRNA • Objectives for Class: • Describe

  14. The Genetic Code • The 64 Codons that code for Amino Acids • Objectives for Class: • Use the genetic code to translate a DNA or RNA sequence into an amino acid sequence to make a protein.

  15. Reading The Genetic Code • mRNA codons are 3 bases long and specify a particular amino acid. • To use the wheel, the 1st base (letter) of codon matches the biggest letter and you move • out from the middle to read • the rest of the codon. • Therefore, the 2nd base in • the codon is the second • biggest letter (the one in the middle ring) and the 3rd base • In the codon is the smallest letter (the one in the outer ring). • The arrows show the direction you should read it.

  16. The Genetic Code • Complete Part I of the “Decoding the Genetic Code!” Activity. (we will review the first 3 examples of question 1 after you have had a chance to complete them) • Objectives for Class: • Use the genetic code to translate a DNA or RNA sequence into an amino acid sequence to make a protein.

  17. Reading The Genetic Code: Examples • Follow along with the examples in your packet! • Example 1: CAG • 1st base = C • 2nd base = A • 3rd base = G • Therefore the • amino acid is… • Glutamine! • Example 2: GUU • Valine

  18. Reading The Genetic Code: Longer Example • Example 3: GCCAGCUAG • Step 1: Break it into 3-letter sections (codons) • GCC AGC UAG • Step 2: Decode each codon • GCC = Alanine • AGC = Serine • UAG = STOP(end of protein sequence) 1 3 2

  19. Bio 9B: Tuesday, 3.2.10Title: Transcription and Translation Details • Homework: • Take out last night’s homework and get ready to hand it in (but not until I say so, after the Do Now • More codon and amino acid decoding practice • Do Now:In your notebook: • If you had a DNA sequence of T A C A G C T, what would the matching RNA sequence be? A U G U C G A • Today’s Objective: • Describe the purpose and major steps of transcription • Describe the purpose and major steps of translation

  20. Homework Review Question • Overview: • What is the hidden message in Part II of the homework assignment? • “Give Neighbor High 5” • Objectives for Class: • Describe the purpose and major steps of transcription • Describe the purpose and major steps of translation

  21. Transcription Detail • Overview: • A DNA gene is copied in the form of mRNA • Occurs in the nucleus • Steps: • RNA Polymerase separates DNA strands • RNA Polymerase moves along one of the DNA strands (template) • RNA Polymerase makes mRNA by attaching RNA nucleotides that match the DNA template • Objectives for Class: • Describe the purpose and major steps of transcription • Describe the purpose and major steps of translation mRNA

  22. Types of RNA: Messenger RNA (mRNA) DNA (the red & green strands) mRNA (the orange strand) • Objectives for Class: • Describe the major structural differences between DNA and RNA • Differentiate between structure and function differences between the types of RNA

  23. Translation Detail • Overview: • mRNA copy provides instructions for assembling amino acids into a protein • Occurs at the ribosome • Steps: • mRNA enters the ribosome • tRNA molecules bring amino acids to the ribosome • tRNAanticodons match with mRNA codons to put amino acids in the right order • According to the Genetic Code • Objectives for Class: • Describe the purpose and major steps of transcription • Describe the purpose and major steps of translation

  24. Transcription & Translation Transcription Translation • Objectives for Class: • Describe the purpose and major steps of transcription • Describe the purpose and major steps of translation

  25. Translation • Objectives for Class: • Describe the purpose and major steps of transcription • Describe the purpose and major steps of translation

  26. Transcription and Translation: Video • Transcription and Translation Video: 17_13ProteinSynthesis.mpg • Objectives for Class: • Describe the purpose and major steps of transcription • Describe the purpose and major steps of translation

  27. Bio 9B: Thursday, 3.4.10Title: Transcribe and Translate a Gene Computer Lab Double Block • Homework: • Pass in the codons and amino acid decoding practice homework • Complete Part I of the Genetic Mutations Activity • Do Now: • Sign into a computer and turn around with your back to the computers to wait for your next instructions. • Today’s Objective: • Use the steps of transcription and translation to turn a section of DNA into a protein.

  28. Transcribe and Translate a Gene Computer Lab Procedure: • Log onto http://gslc.genetics.utah.edu/units/basics/transcribe/ • Scroll down to the middle of the homepage and click on the link entitled “Are you ready to transcribe a DNA sequence and translate it into a protein?” • A DNA sequence should appear on the screen. Transcribe the DNA strand by entering the corresponding RNA bases for the original strand. The new mRNA strand will now appear on the screen. • Locate the “start” codon and click on it with your mouse. The mRNA sequence will now move to the top of the field and a flashing box will appear around the “start” codon. • Using the “Universal Genetic Code” to the right, find the amino acid that corresponds with the three-base mRNA codon. Click on the appropriate amino acid and drag it to the corresponding mRNA codon (signaled by the flashing box). Repeat until the mRNA sequence has been Translated. • Answer the Review and Analysis questions for Part I as you complete the lab. • Answer the Review and Analysis questions for Part II after the computer portion of the lab is completed. Transcription Translation • Objectives for Class: • Use the steps of transcription and translation to turn a section of DNA into a protein.

  29. Remember R-groups?

  30. Bio 9B: Friday, 3.5.10Title: Genetic Mutations Day 1 – Types of Mutations • Homework: • Complete Part II of the Genetic Mutations Activity For Monday • Quiz next TUESDAY! • Do Now: • How was your description of a genetic mutation similar to what a mutation actually is? • Today’s Objective: • Describe the major differences between substitution and frame-shift mutations

  31. Gene Mutations Activity Part I Review • What is a Genetic Mutation? • A change in the base-pair sequence of DNA • The three types of point mutations: • substitution (switch one DNA nucleotide for another) • insertion (add an extra nucleotide into the DNA sequence) • deletion (leave out one nucleotide in the DNA sequence) • Objectives for Class: • Describe the major differences between substitution and frame-shift mutations

  32. Gene Mutations Activity Part II • Complete Part II of the Gene Mutations Activity by comparing substitution & frame-shift mutations • Part II Review: • Original DNA Sequence • Objectives for Class: • Describe the major differences between substitution and frame-shift mutations

  33. Gene Mutations Activity Part II • Substitution Mutations • Original DNA Sequence • Substitution Changes the Amino Acid • Substitution/ Silent Mutation Does not Change the Amino Acid • Objectives for Class: • Describe the major differences between substitution and frame-shift mutations

  34. Gene Mutations Activity Part II • Frame-Shift Mutations • Original DNA Sequence • Frame-Shift: Deletion of nucleotide Changes all Amino Acid after mutation • Frame-Shift: Insertion/ Addition of nucleotide Changes all Amino Acid after mutation • Objectives for Class: • Describe the major differences between substitution and frame-shift mutations

  35. Bio 9B: Monday, 3.8.10Title: Genetic Mutations Day 2 – Sickle Cell Case Study • Homework: • Study for Quiz Tomorrow!!! • Type the Background Information section of your lab report for Thursday. (NOTE: completed lab reports are due Friday at the start of class. You will have time to work on it during Thursday’s class, but if you need more time/ don’t have access to a computer at home, please make arrangements now to complete the lab Thursday after school) • Do Now: • H • Today’s Objective: • Brainstorm and organize the background information necessary to successfully explain what sickle cell anemia is and how it is caused.

  36. Lab: Sickle Cell and Genetic Mutations A Case Study of Sickle Cell Disorder • Read through the Introduction to the lab. • Watch 5 minute video on sickle cell disorder • PBS Evolution Library: A Mutation Story • http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/01/2/l_012_02.html • In small groups brainstorm the Background Information needed for this lab • You should have 2 parts: • General genetics background info • Info related to sickle cell anemia • Come back together as a class to brainstorm final list • Objectives for Class: • Brainstorm and organize the background information necessary to successfully explain what sickle cell anemia is and how it is caused.

  37. Lab: Sickle Cell and Genetic Mutations

  38. Bio 9B: Tuesday, 3.9.10Title: Quiz – Transcription, Translation, and Mutations • Homework: • Type the Background Information section of your lab report for Thursday. (NOTE: completed lab reports are due Friday at the start of class. You will have time to work on it during Thursday’s class, but if you need more time/ don’t have access to a computer at home, please make arrangements now to complete the lab Thursday after school) • Do Now: • Clear your desks and get ready to take the quiz… • Today’s Objective: • Demonstrate your understanding of how the processes of transcription and translation create proteins from the genetic code on DNA

  39. Bio 9B: Thursday, 3.11.10Title: Genetic Mutations Day 3 – Sickle Cell Case Study • Homework: • Complete the Procedure, Analysis and Conclusion sections of your lab report. Completed lab report with all sections is due tomorrow, Friday, at the start of class!!!! • Do Now: • Today’s Objective: • Analyze the DNA sequence for the sickle cell gene and the normal gene to determine how DNA is mutated to result in sickle cell anemia • Complete the Sickle Cell Mutation Lab Report

  40. First Half of Double Block Lab: Sickle Cell and Genetic Mutations A Case Study of Sickle Cell Disorder • Analyze the DNA sequence for the sickle cell gene and the normal gene by transcribing and translating them. • Compare the sickle cell gene to the normal gene • Complete the analysis and conclusion sections of the lab report. • Objectives for Class: • Analyze the DNA sequence for the sickle cell gene and the normal gene to determine how DNA is mutated to result in sickle cell anemia • Complete the Sickle Cell Mutation Lab Report

  41. Second Half of Double Block Lab: Sickle Cell and Genetic Mutations Individual Work Time… • Two Options: • Type Analysis and Conclusion sections of lab report and revise your other sections • Guided peer review of Background Information section • Objectives for Class: • Analyze the DNA sequence for the sickle cell gene and the normal gene to determine how DNA is mutated to result in sickle cell anemia • Complete the Sickle Cell Mutation Lab Report

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