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Cellular Respiration Part 2

Cellular Respiration Part 2. Producing ATP by Oxidative Phosphorylation Energy from Macromolecules. Energy Released. ATP. Glycolysis. e - Carriers. O 2 present. 2 CO 2. e - Carriers. e -. e -. ATP. e -. 4 CO 2. Electron Transport Chain. Citric Acid Cycle. e - Carriers.

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Cellular Respiration Part 2

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  1. Cellular RespirationPart 2 Producing ATP by Oxidative Phosphorylation Energy from Macromolecules

  2. EnergyReleased ATP Glycolysis e- Carriers O2 present 2 CO2 e- Carriers e- e- ATP e- 4 CO2 Electron Transport Chain Citric Acid Cycle e- Carriers 2 H+ ATP Releasing Energy From Glucose EnergyReleased Glucose (6C) 2 X Pyruvate (3C) Cytoplasm Mitochondrion 2 X Acetyl-CoA (2C) H2O ½ O2

  3. Locations of Cellular Respiration Components Mitochondrion a b OuterMembrane A Crista InnerMembrane:Has ATP Synthase Electron Transport Chain IntermembraneCompartmentH+ accumulates Matrix: Citric Acid Cycle and Pyruvate Oxidation

  4. FADH2 donates electrons to Complex II (Succinate Dehydrogenase) Sequence of Electron Carriers NADH donates electrons to Complex I(NADH Dehydrogenase) The poison cyanide prevents transfer of electrons to oxygen Cytochromes are electron carriers with a heme prosthetic group

  5. The poison arsenic prevents the buildup of the H+ gradient Protons are pumped from the matrix into the intermembrane space Formation of H+ Gradient Flow of protons through ATP synthase powers ATP production

  6. The inner mitochondrial membrane is impermeable to H+, which can only pass through the ATP synthase ATP Synthase H+ ions cause the rotor of ATP synthase to spin The internal rod also spins as a result of rotor movement Sites in the catalytic knob are activated to catalyze ATP production

  7. Oxidative Phosphorylation • Production of ATP as a result of electron transfer through carriers in the Electron Transport Chain • Electrons pass through a set of membrane-associated carriers by a series of redox reactions • Energy from electron transport powers the active transport of H+ to the intermembrane compartment of the mitochondrion, building a concentration gradient • Chemiosmosis: Diffusion of hydrogen ions (H+) through the differentially permeable inner mitochondrial membrane, resulting in ATP production • H+ can only cross the membrane into the mitochondrial matrix through the pores of an ATP-synthesizing enzyme • Movement of H+ through the enzyme provides energy for ATP synthesis

  8. Where is ATP Synthase located? Where do H+ ions build up as a result of active transport? Where are the carriers of the electron transport chain located? Inner Mitochondrial Membrane Mitochondrial Matrix Outer Mitochondrial Membrane Intermembrane space Applying Your Knowledge

  9. oxidized e- Carriers ATP Glycolysis e- Carriers Fermentation 2 X Lactate (3C)(in muscle) O2 present X O2 absent 2 CO2 e- Carriers when O2 becomes available 4 CO2 Citric Acid Cycle e- Carriers ATP Fermentation Glucose (6C) Cytoplasm 2 X Pyruvate (3C) 2 X Acetyl-CoA (2C) Mitochondrion

  10. Muscle cells Microorganisms Yeasts Some Plants Lactic Acid Fermentation Alcoholic Fermentation Alcoholic and Lactic Acid Fermentation

  11. Muscle cells produce lactate Muscle cells produce ATP Yeast cells produce ethanol In the Presence of Oxygen In the Absence of Oxygen Either in the presence or absence of Oxygen Applying Your Knowledge

  12. Citric AcidCycle Energy From Macromolecules Polysaccharides Glucose (6C) Glycolysis Gluconeogenesis Monosaccharides 2 X Pyruvate (3C) Disaccharides 2 X Acetyl-CoA (2C)

  13. DAP Glycerol(~5%) Fatty Acids multiples of 2C Citric AcidCycle Energy From Macromolecules Triglycerides Glucose (6C) Glucose (6C) Gluconeogenesis Glycolysis 2 X Pyruvate (3C) 2 X Pyruvate (3C) 2 X Acetyl-CoA (2C)

  14. 3C-amino acids Other amino Acids Citric AcidCycle Energy From Macromolecules Proteins Glucose (6C) Gluconeogenesis Glycolysis 2 X Pyruvate (3C) 2 X Acetyl-CoA (2C)

  15. Muscle cells use fatty acids for energy Muscle cells use glucose or glycogen for energy In the Presence of Oxygen In the Absence of Oxygen Either in the presence or absence of Oxygen Applying Your Knowledge

  16. Brain cells use glucose for energy Brain cells use proteins for energy In the Presence of Carbohydrates In the Absence of Carbohydrates Either in the presence or absence of Carbohydrates Applying Your Knowledge

  17. Polysaccharides Glycerol Triglycerides Fatty Acids Amino Acids Citric AcidCycle Proteins Anabolic Interconversions Glucose (6C) Glycolysis Gluconeogenesis 2 X Pyruvate (3C) 2 X Acetyl-CoA (2C)

  18. Regulation of Glycolysis • Phosphofructokinase is • allosterically inhibited by ATP • allosterically activatedby ADP or AMP • inhibited by citrate

  19. Regulation of the Citric Acid Cycle • Isocitrate dehydrogenase • responds to negative feedback from NADHand H+ and ATP • is activated by ADP and NAD+

  20. Regulation of Acetyl-CoA • Entering the Citric Acid Cycle • Citrate synthase (1)is inhibited by ATP or NADH • Use in Fatty Acid Synthesis • Fatty Acid synthase (2)is stimulated by Citrate (2) (1)

  21. Which change in enzyme activity is observed for Citrate Synthase when levels of NADH increase? Isocitrate Dehydrogenase when levels of ADP increase? Fatty Acid Synthase when levels of citrate increase? Phosphofructokinase when levels of citrate increase? Thumbs Up: Enzyme Activity Increases Thumbs Down: Enzyme Activity Decreases Applying Your Knowledge

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