Chapter Five

1. Chapter Five Sensation(Chapter Six is Perception)

2. Sensation v. Perception Sensation is DETECTION of a signal among the noise (think of our radio station) Sensation is bottom up processing Perception is INTERPRETATION of that signal Perception is top down processing The two are different! (p. 197)

3. Agnosia and Oliver Sacks Prosopagnosia: complete sensation but incomplete perception Oliver Sacks: The Man Who Mistook his Wife for a Hat Person cannot process sensation and store as a memory

4. The minimum amount of stimulation that a person needs to detect a stimulus 50 percent of the time is called the (P. 199) � a.����� Adaptation threshold b.����� Difference threshold c.����� Subliminal threshold d.����� Absolute threshold

5. Signal Detection Theory p. 199

6. Signal Detection Theory Predicts when we will detect weak signals, measured as our ratio of �hits� to �false alarms� emphasizes that personal expectations and motivations influence the level of absolute thresholds Compare to Radio Station Metaphor

7. SDT: Applications Me and Mr. Puffy want to watch a scary movie �Friendly fire� as described by the textbook PTSD?

8. SDT: Sterile Cockpit Rule On September 20th a commentator on KERA (NPR station in Dallas) reported on the �sterile cockpit rule.� This rule deals with prohibition of non-essential tasks while a pilot is flying under 10,000 feet to prevent distractions that might lead to accidents

9. Why? Do you want your pilot in an argument with his or her spouse while trying to land the plane?

10. News about the supposed effects of briefly presented messages on moviegoers� consumption of popcorn and Coca-Cola involved false claims regarding Difference thresholds Kinesthesis Synaesthesia Subliminal stimulation

11. Subliminal Stimulation What is it?

12. Subliminal Stimulation Movie Messages (Eat Popcorn) Satanic Messages in Rock and Roll Weight Loss Tapes What else?

13. Who Was James Vicary Masterminded Eat Popcorn Unemployed Marketing Researcher Collected Big Fees Disappeared New Jersey

14. Subliminal Tapes Research shows that they don�t work But, what about experiments with photo ratings? (p. 200)

15. Weber�s Law Sometimes called the �just noticeable difference� (abbreviated �JND�)

16. Weber�s Law A difference threshold is NOT a constant amount (such as 1 oz. or 1 lb.) A difference threshold is a ratio or a proportion Exact proportion varies depending upon the stimulus Works for non-extreme stimuli Probably affected by refractory periods

17. Sensory Adaptation What gets our attention? (p. 202)

18. Sensory Adaptation What gets our attention is what changes

19. Sensory Adaptation (p. 202) Think of signal detection theory: a signal is a change Our sensitivity diminishes without change in a stimulus Nystagmus

20. Nystagmus is involuntary eye movement that can be part of the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR). It is characterized by alternating smooth pursuit in one direction and a saccadic movement in the other direction

21. Huh? Nystagumus means the eyes flutter to prevent adaptation to stimulus

22. More On Eye Movement Excessive Nystagmus can indicate certain clinical conditions Psychologists study eye movement Development of Sesame Street (per Tipping Point) involved studies of eye movement and distraction

23. Vision Important to READ this part of the book; KNOW Figure 5.7 on p. 205

24. Parts of the Eye Pupil and Iris: Regulation of Light Lens: Focus of Image Retina: Transducer of light into neural pulses

25. What is a Transducer? A device or part of the body that converts one form of energy into another (p. 204)

26. Fovea Contains only cones and no rods

27. Rods and Cones Cones process color but are less accurate Rods cannot process color Night vision occurs by Rods Again: Fovea contains only cones

28. Feature Detection Reading Assignment (pp. 209-211) Eligible for the Test

29. Audition No, it is not for a television show or dance troupe

30. The Ear and Hearing Know Figure 5.24 (p. 217) for the test Figure 5.24 is eligible for the next pop quiz Decibels are the standard measure of loudness Decibels are a logarithmic scale

31. A logarithmic scale? The absolute threshold for hearing is defined as zero decibels Every 10 decibels corresponds to a tenfold increase in sound

32. An 80-decibel sound is ____ times louder than a 60-decibel sound 2? 10? 20? 100!

33. Place Theory v. Frequency Theory Please read p. 219 for Exam #2

34. Hearing Loss Two types of hearing loss Conduction hearing loss Sensorineural hearing loss (Nerve Deafness)

35. Cochlear Implant Used to cure nerve deafness Hotly debated. Why? Deaf Culture Is hearing loss an impairment? Movie: Children of a Lesser God

36. Touch (p. 225) Pressure Warmth Cold Pain

37. Pain Know the Gate-Control Theory of Pain (p. 227)

38. Gate Control Theory Spinal Cord contains a neurological �gate� that either blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain One way to treat pain is to stimulate �gate closing activity�

39. Possible Sources of Gate Closing Activity: Massage Electronic Stimulation (TENS) Accupuncture

40. Please Also Know about Endorphins and Pain (p. 227) Memories and Pain (p. 228) Lamaze and Childbirth (p. 229) Distraction and Pain (p. 229)

41. Taste Last year�s Prada shoes?

42. Four Taste Sensations (p. 229) Sweet Sour Salty Bitter

43. And, for a new sensation A new receptor for �umami� (p. 220)

44. Smell Please read and know pp. 231-233

45. Kinesthesis and Vestibular Can be clinically important

46. Vestibular Sense Damage to the cochlea can damage the vestibular sense Vertigo

47. Finis