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Chapter 1

Chapter 1. Matter and Change. Pg 5-24. Chemistry --. a Physical Science. The natural sciences were once divided into 2 broad categories ______________________ – study of anything in the living realm ______________________ – study of anything in the nonliving realm. Pg 5-7. Sec 1-1.

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Chapter 1

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  1. Chapter 1 Matter and Change Pg 5-24

  2. Chemistry -- a Physical Science • The natural sciences were once divided into 2 broad categories • ______________________ – study of anything in the living realm • ______________________ – study of anything in the nonliving realm Pg 5-7 Sec 1-1

  3. Chemistry -- a Physical Science • However, both living and nonliving matter have a __________________ • Chemistry is central to all the sciences • No longer distinct divisions between biological and physical sciences Pg 5-7 Sec 1-1

  4. Chemistry -- a Physical Science • Chemistry is • the study of ___________ • Matter’s ____________ • Matter’s ____________ • And the _______ matter undergoes Pg 5-7 Sec 1-1

  5. Chemistry -- a Physical Science • Every day, you make choices: what to eat, what to wear, how much to study. • As a citizen of this planet you will be asked to act on even more issues. • Is nuclear power acceptable or are there better alternatives? • Are the problems of global warming and ozone depletion worth a response? Pg 5-7 Sec 1-1

  6. Chemistry -- a Physical Science • Given limited resources, which deserves more support? • The space program • Finding the cure for cancer • Should experiments that involve manipulating heredity be regulated or forbidden? Pg 5-7 Sec 1-1

  7. Chemistry -- a Physical Science • Knowledge of the basics of chemistry and other sciences can help you arrive at ________________ and take appro-priate actions on these questions. Pg 5-7 Sec 1-1

  8. Chemistry – Branches • ___________________: study of most carbon-containing compounds • ___________________: study of all substances not classified as organic, mainly those compounds that do not contain carbon. • _________________: study of the properties & changes of matter & the relation to energy Pg 5-7 Sec 1-1

  9. Chemistry – Branches • _________________: The identification of the composition of new materials • ___________: The study of substances and processes occurring in living things • _________________: The use of math & computers to understand the princ- iples behind observed chemical behavior & to design & predict the properties of new compnds Pg 5-7 Sec 1-1

  10. Chemistry – Branches • In each branch, scientists work with chemicals, which are any substance that has a definite composition • Knowing the properties of chemicals allows chemists to find suitable uses for them • Artificial sweeteners have prop-erties similar to sugar, yet they are very different chemically Pg 5-7 Sec 1-1

  11. Chemistry -- Research • ________________ is done every day to increase in knowledge • Discover how and why a specific reaction occurs and what the properties of a substance • _______________ is generally carried out to solve a problem • The researchers are driven to solve a specific problem Pg 5-7 Sec 1-1

  12. Chemistry -- Research • ______________________ • typically involves the production and use of products that improve our quality of life. Pg 5-7 Sec 1-1

  13. The Known Universe • Everything in the known universe can be classified as either matter or energy. • ____________ describes the physical things around us: the earth, the air you breathe, your pencil. • __________ is the ability to cause change or do work: including light, heat, electrical energy and mechanical energy, such as movement. Pg 10-18 Sec 1-2

  14. UNIVERSE UNIVERSE ENERGY MATTER The Known Universe Pg 10-18 Sec 1-2

  15. Pg 10-18 Sec 1-2

  16. Matter & Its Properties • The definition of matter has two parts • All matter has_________, which is the 3-D space an object occupies • All matter has _____, which is a meas-ure of the amount of matter in an object • To explain what matter is involves finding properties that all matter has in common Pg 10-18 Sec 1-2

  17. Classification of Matter • All forms of matter (no matter what it looks like) can be classified into one of two categories. • __________________ • uniform in composition composed of only one component • _________________ • composed of more than one component blended together Pg 10-18 Sec 1-2

  18. UNIVERSE UNIVERSE ENERGY MATTER PURE SUBSTANCE MIXTURE The Known Universe Pg 10-18 Sec 1-2

  19. Pure Substances • A pure substance has a fixed composition • Every sample has exactly the ______ ___________________________ and composition • If they can be separated they can only be separated by chemical change (elements can not be broken down) Pg 10-18 Sec 1-2

  20. Pure Substances • Matter is composed of building blocks of matter called ___________________ • __________ are the smallest units that as a collection make up elements • An ___________ is a pure substance made of only one type of atom. • A ___________ or compound is made up of the atoms of 2 or more elements Pg 10-18 Sec 1-2

  21. UNIVERSE UNIVERSE ENERGY MATTER PURE SUBSTANCE MIXTURE COMPOUND ELEMENT The Known Universe Pg 10-18 Sec 1-2

  22. Carbon atoms Hydrogen atoms Oxygen atoms Pure Substances element element element element element element element element molecule molecule molecule molecule molecule molecule molecule molecule Both elements & molecules are made of atoms in these models of diamond & Vit-C. Pg 10-18 Sec 1-2

  23. Pure substances: Atoms • _________are the tiny pieces that knit together to make up everything in the known universe • There are 100+ different kinds of atoms according to our understanding • All 100+ atoms look identical and are composed of the same types of pieces called, subatomic particles Pg 10-18 Sec 1-2

  24. Pg 10-18 Sec 1-2

  25. Pure substances: Atoms • There are three fundamental subatomic particles and they differ in their location in the atom, their electrical charge and in their mass • ________ are electrically positive and are located in the nucleus of the atom • ________ are electrically neutral and are located with the protons in the nucleus of the atom Pg 10-18 Sec 1-2

  26. Pure substances: Atoms • _______are electrically negative and they are located in a region outside of the nucleus called the electron cloud • The rest of the atom is empty space • The only obvious difference between one type of atom and another are how many electrons, protons, and neutrons the different types of atoms have Pg 10-18 Sec 1-2

  27. Atoms are so tiny that even some of the most powerful micro-scopes in the world can just barely see them. Even so they can’t see inside them to even catch a glimpse of the subatomic particles. We can only study them by using models to learn how they interact with each other. Pg 10-18 Sec 1-2

  28. Pure substances: Elements • _______________________________, __________pure substances that can’t be decomposed • Each element has features that make it unique and cause it to behave in a predictable manner • They are collectively organized in a huge chart called the ________ _______________ Pg 20-24 Sec 1-3

  29. Pg 20-24 Sec 1-3

  30. 7 N Nitrogen 14.007 Pure substances: Elements • Each small square on the PT shows the ___________________________ ________ that represents that element. • Some of the elements and symbols seem to match. • Nitrogen and its symbol N. • Some of aren’t as obvious • (W = Tungsten) Pg 20-24 Sec 1-3

  31. Pure substances: Elements • The PT is organized into vertical columns called ______ or ________. • There are _______________ • Each group contains elements with similar chemical characteristics • for instance elements in group 2 are reactive metals with similar abilities to bond to other kinds of atoms Pg 20-24 Sec 1-3

  32. Pure substances: Elements • The horizontal rows of elements in the PT are called ____________. • Physical and chemical characteristics change predictably across the period • Those elements closest to each other tend to be more similar in characteristics. • The farther apart the elements are the more different their chara-cteristics Pg 20-24 Sec 1-3

  33. Pure substances: Elements • The two sets of elements below the PT make up what are called the ________ ___________________ • They are metallic elements and should be placed just after elements _______ Pg 20-24 Sec 1-3

  34. Pure substances: Elements • There is a section in the back of your textbook called the “Elements Hand-book” on pgs 726-783. • It covers some representative elements in greater detail. • It might come in handy for you, so check it out. Pg 20-24 Sec 1-3

  35. Pure substances: Elements • There is another major division of the elements, ___________________ and __________. Pg 20-24 Sec 1-3

  36. Pure substances: Elements • A metal is a shiny element that is a _____________ of heat and electricity • At room temp, most metals are solids. • Most metals also have the property of _________________ • That is they can be hammered or rolled into thin sheets Pg 20-24 Sec 1-3

  37. Pure substances: Elements • Metals tend to be ______________ • They can be drawn into a fine wire. • Metals behave this way because of their _____________________ • Tensile strength deals with its resistance to breaking. • The metal atoms just realign themselves as the metal is being stretched or hammered. Pg 20-24 Sec 1-3

  38. Pure substances: Elements • __________ are elements that are poor conductors of heat and electricity • Many nonmetals are gases at room temperature (____________) • One nonmetal is a liquid (Br) • The rest tend to be brittle solids (____________) Pg 20-24 Sec 1-3

  39. Pure substances: Elements • ______________ are elements that have some of the characteristics of metals and some of nonmetals • on the stair step line that separates the metals from the nonmetals • Tend to be less malleable than metals, but not as brittle as nonmetals and are _____________ Pg 20-24 Sec 1-3

  40. Pg 20-24 Sec 1-3

  41. Pure substances: Elements • The elements in the far right column are the _______________________ • They are unique in that they are generally _______________ • Ne, Ar, Kr, and Xe are all used in lighting • Helium is used in party balloons and weather balloons. Pg 20-24 Sec 1-3

  42. Pure substances: Compounds • A substance that contains 2 or more elements, in definite proportion by weight is a __________________. • The composition of a pure compound will not vary, regardless of the method of preparation. • The term _________ is often used for the smallest unit of a com-pound that still retains all of the properties of the compound. Pg 20-24 Sec 1-3

  43. Pure substances: Compounds • Examples: Table salt (sodium chloride, NaCl), sugar (sucrose, C12H22O11), and water (H2O) • Compounds have characteristics very different than the constituent elements that make them up • Compounds are formed during ____________________ Pg 20-24 Sec 1-3

  44. Pure substances: Compounds • Chemical compounds can be separ-ated into two categories according to how they were formed. • ______________ – composed by the interaction of an element gaining elec-tron(s) and another element donating electron(s) • _________________ – comp-osed by the interaction of two elements sharing electrons Pg 20-24 Sec 1-3

  45. Ionic Compound One atom gains electron(s) while the other loses electron(s). Covalent Compound Each atom shares electrons Pg 10-18 Sec 1-2

  46. UNIVERSE UNIVERSE ENERGY MATTER PURE SUBSTANCE MIXTURE COMPOUND ELEMENT The Known Universe Pg 10-18 Sec 1-2

  47. Classification of Matter • A mixture is a ____________________ ___________, each of which retains its own identity and properties • Simply blended together physically • Mixtures can be _______________ by physical means • Mixtures do not melt/boil at a definite temperature Pg 10-18 Sec 1-2

  48. Classification of Matter • components are chemically different and retain their individual characteristics in a mixture • For example, a mixture like Total cereal, contains iron filings (nutritional supplement) that are still magnetic • A mixture of salt water contains dissolved salt particles that are still salty Pg 10-18 Sec 1-2

  49. Pg 10-18 Sec 1-2

  50. UNIVERSE UNIVERSE ENERGY MATTER PURE SUBSTANCE MIXTURE COMPOUND ELEMENT HOMOGENEOUS HETEROGENEOUS The Known Universe Pg 10-18 Sec 1-2

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