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Unit 13 – Taxonomy

http://assets.natgeotv.com/Shows/10406.jpg. Hello, my name is Gulo gulo [in English, wolverine ]. Unit 13 – Taxonomy. In this unit, the summary is shown in blue , and the underlined words are vocabulary ; the animation and video hyperlinks are shown in orange. . Shoe Sort. TPS

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Unit 13 – Taxonomy

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  1. http://assets.natgeotv.com/Shows/10406.jpg Hello, my name is Gulogulo [in English, wolverine] Unit 13 – Taxonomy In this unit, the summary is shown in blue, and the underlined words are vocabulary; the animation and video hyperlinksare shown in orange.

  2. Shoe Sort TPS • How would you classify your shoes? • If you had to create a cladogram [see below] to show the evolution of shoes, how would you do it? http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Identical_cladograms.svg/250px-Identical_cladograms.svg.png

  3. Introduction • When you go shopping in the grocery store, similar items are often placed on the same aisle. Why? They are most often related to each other. • In science, classification is the arrangement of organisms into orderly groups based on their similarities.

  4. What is taxonomy?Textbook Reference pg. 443 • Scientists classify the diverse number of organisms on the planet in order to learn and study from them into hierarchical groups (from general to more specific categories). • In this unit you will learn how scientists classify living things; the science of taxonomy.

  5. Who was Carl von Linne? Textbook Reference pg. 444 • Von Linne[AKA CarolusLinnaeus] was the Swedish biologist who in the mid-1700’s developed the biological system of classification. • 7taxonomic levels [or taxa] • kingdom to species http://www.ub.uit.no/northernlights/images/linne06d.jpg

  6. Binomial Nomenclature Textbook Reference pg. 444 • Scientists give animals Latin/Greek names in classification which consists of two parts: • genus + species [specific epithet]. • Often use Latin because it is universal [worldwide] and not widely spoken, therefore, the meaning is not likely to change. • In Latin, nomenclatura =  • nomen "name"+ calare "to call" 

  7. EX Tyrannosaurus rex translates to “tyrant lizard” and “king.” http://nerdywithchildren.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/trex-fossil.jpg http://hqwalls.org/t_rex_dinosaur_wallpaper-wallpapers.html

  8. Binomial Nomenclature Cont. • Always in italics • Genus name is written 1st, capitalized • Species nameis written 2nd,NOT capitalized • EX scientific names • Homo sapiens(modern man) • Felisdomesticus(common housecat) http://www.unmaskingevolution.com/images/imaginative.gif

  9. Purpose for Classification • A Latin name eliminates confusion caused byregionalname differences. • EX crayfish, crawdad, mudbug are all common names for…. • Cambarusbartoni http://bwrc.eecs.berkeley.edu/People/Grad_Students/huifangq/food/HuifangCookings/edited/crawfish.jpg

  10. Mountain lion, panther, cougar and puma are all common names for... • Felisconcolor http://wdfw.wa.gov/wlm/game/cougar/graphics/cougar4.jpg

  11. Purpose cont. • organizes large amounts of information • Classification also reveals(or shows) evolutionary relationships between organisms http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Phylogenetic_Tree_of_Life.png

  12. Evolutionary Classification Textbook Reference pg. 452 • Phylogeny – evolutionary relationships among organisms • Biologists now group organisms according to phylogeny (lines of evolutionary descent), not just physical characteristics.

  13. Mnemonic Foldable • Create a mnemonic to remember the sequence of taxons from general to specific • D • K • P • C • O • F • G • S http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_DiCeGX2-bR8/TKI_zgN01QI/AAAAAAAAAFs/myAAROvR-80/s1600/Taxanomy+5.5.2.JPG

  14. Modern Levels of Classification Textbook Reference pg. 449 • Domain • Kingdom • Phylum • Class • Order • Family • Genus • Species http://ag.arizona.edu/pubs/garden/mg/entomology/images/p4large.gif

  15. What is domain? Textbook Reference pg. 1073 • Domain is the most recently added 8th taxonomiclevel, which is even more inclusive than a kingdom. • There are three domains shown above. • Two are prokaryotic, one is for eukaryotes. • Domains in the News http://www.whoi.edu/cms/images/tree_550_74474.jpg

  16. Domains Cont. • Three domains of life: • Archaea & Bacteria contain only prokaryotes. • Eukarya contains all eukaryotes. • Take notes from the following slides in a Venn diagram. http://culturingscience.files.wordpress.com/2010/09/3-domains-of-life.jpg

  17. Domain Archaea • Members of the domain Archaea are bacteria [prokaryotes] that live in very extreme environments (hot volcanic springs, black organic mud, etc) and many can only survive in the absence of oxygen! http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grand_prismatic_spring.jpg Archaea were first found in extreme environments, such as volcanic hot springs. Pictured here is Grand Prismatic Spring of Yellowstone National Park.

  18. Domain Bacteria • Regular everyday bacteria [prokaryotes] belong to domain Bacteria. • EX Salmonella According to the Mayo Clinic there are more than 2,000 strains of salmonella bacteria, but only a dozen or so make people sick. Salmonella is most often contracted by eating raw or undercooked meat, poultry, eggs. Image

  19. Domain Eukarya • All of the organisms that have a nucleus [eukaryotes] are included in Domain Eukarya. • This domain includes a variety of life formsin 4 kingdoms: • Protist • Fungi • Plant • Animal • Domain Animation http://www.biocentrum.dtu.dk/upload/institutter/bic/biocentrum/studievalg/his_archaea_fot3_380.jpg

  20. The Six Kingdoms Textbook Reference pg. 454-455 • When organisms are newly discovered, they are identified, sorted, and categorized into one of the three domains. • Basis of classification: • Type of cell • Number of cells • Mode of nutrition • Take notes from the following slides in your NovaMind App. http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-y_abocOeLKk/TpuITAAu8VI/AAAAAAAAHuw/SJdeqGFpZ8E/s1600/six+kingdoms+tree+of+life+.gif

  21. Relevant Kingdom Vocabulary • Prokaryote • Eukaryote • Unicellular = one-celled • Multicellular = many-celled • Autotroph = “self-feeder”, photosynthetic or chemosynthetic • Heterotroph = “different-feeder”, consumer or decomposer • Motile = organism moves • Sessile = stationary, does not move

  22. Prokaryotic Kingdoms Textbook Reference pg. 456-457 • Eubacteria – bacteria common to “YOU” and me • Cell Type: Prokaryotic, Unicellular • Energy: Autotrophic and heterotrophic • Archae bacteria – live in harsh environments (highly salty or acidic, high temperatures) ; mostly anaerobic w/out oxygen • Prokaryotic • Unicellular • Autotrophic only http://classes.midlandstech.edu/carterp/Courses/bio101/labquiz2/prokaryote.jpg

  23. Kingdom Protist Textbook Reference pg. 457-458; Ch. 19 • Protist– lack complex organ systems; require moist environments; first appeared in the fossil record 200 million years ago! • Eukaryotic w/ cell walls • Unicellular & Multicellular • Autotrophic & heterotrophic • EX amoebas, algae, kelp http://www.dirtworks.net/Images/NeptunesHarvest/Kelp.jpg http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/Michael.Gregory/files/Bio%20102/Bio%20102%2

  24. Slime Mold = Protist http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-360Hzs1e75w/TaiqOZ0s7MI/AAAAAAAAAC4/xUXmW6Q6qoY/s1600/Slime_mold%2528ms-07%2529.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Slime_Mold_On_Deadwood.JPG

  25. Kingdom Fungi Textbook Reference pg. 458; Ch. 20 • Fungi – EX Molds, mildews, and mushrooms; first appeared in the fossil record 400 million years ago! • Eukaryotes w/ cell walls of chitin • Unicellular & multicellular • Heterotrophic decomposers http://www.shutterfreaks.com/albums2/album225/mushroom.jpg

  26. Black Mold = Fungus http://howtobuildahouseblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/Black-Mold.jpg

  27. What caused the Salem Witch Trials? n 1692 some teenage girls in Salem, Massachusetts, accused a West Indian slave named Tituba and two white women of practicing witchcraft.  By April the girls began to denounce others as witches, including a former minister. In total close to 150 people were accused. "Both women and men, such as George Jacobs, stood trial for witchcraft in Salem, 1692." Gale Encyclopedia of U.S. History: Government and Politics. Vol. 1. Detroit: Gale, 2008. U.S. History In Context. Web. 20 Feb. 2013.

  28. Kingdom Plants Textbook Reference pg. 458-459; Ch. 21 • Plants – oxygen producers; create their food using photosynthesis (thus the green color). • Non-motile (do not move) • Eukaryotes w/ cell walls of cellulose • Multicellular • Autotrophs • EX mosses, ferns, flowering and cone-bearing plants

  29. Kingdom Animal Textbook Reference pg. 459; Ch. 25 • Animals - At the microscopic level, animal cells are different; they do NOT have cell walls. • Eukaryotes • Multicellular • Heterotrophs • EX sponges, jellyfish, worms, insects, humans http://www.mccullagh.org/db9/d30-2/jellyfish-7.jpg

  30. Dichotomous Key • Taxonomists have dichotomous keys to help to identify organisms; a guide. • A dichotomous key consists of several pairs of descriptive statements to help identify an unknown organism. • Dichotomous key animation http://www.dnr.state.wi.us/org/caer/ce/eek/critter/watercritter/images/keymap_template.gif

  31. What is a cladogram? Textbook Reference pg. 452 • Derived characters – characteristics found in recent parts of a lineage through cladistics; used to construct cladograms. • Cladogramsshow evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms. • Caldogram animation Limpet Barnacle Crab CLASSIFICATION BASED ON VISIBLE SIMILARITIES

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