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Extending the SpanishWordNet Clara Soler Universitat Ramon Llull

Extending the SpanishWordNet Clara Soler Universitat Ramon Llull. Extending the SpanishWordNet. Aims: Proposal about: A new classification and a new way of representing Adjectives and their polysemy in the lexical database By means of:

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Extending the SpanishWordNet Clara Soler Universitat Ramon Llull

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  1. Extending the SpanishWordNet Clara Soler Universitat Ramon Llull

  2. Extending the SpanishWordNet • Aims: • Proposal about: A new classification and a new way of representing Adjectives and their polysemy in the lexical database • By means of: • Using MikroKosmos Ontology (Nirenburg 1994 et al.) to modificate if necessary EuroWordNet Top Concept Ontology

  3. Index • Classification of Adjectives in WordNet • How Polysemy of Adjectives is represented • Classification of Adjectives in EuroWordNet – SpanishWordNet • The Ontological Criteria • Mikrokosmos Ontology / Treatment of Adjective Polysemy • EuroWordNet Top Ontology • Conclusions

  4. Classification of Adjectives in WordNet • WordNet 1.5 contains 16428 adjectivals synsets (including nouns, participles and prepositional phrases which work as adjectives) • Kept in three files: Descriptive, Relationals and Participles. • How are they organized? Each class expresses typical syntactic and semantic features. • Antonymy is the lexical relation that divides adjectives: Descriptives adjectives have antonyms and Relationals do not.

  5. Classification of Adjectives in WN • Descriptives adjectives are organized into non-hierarchic synsets formed by one, or more, pairs of antonyms. These synsets are clusters that represent values, from one extreme to the other, of some attribute. • Relational adjectives are represented with pointers to the noun or verb from which they derive (a pointer expresses a lexical relation) • Participle adjectives are considered a kind of Descriptives adjectives ending in -ing and -ed, they do not suit very much in cluster structures and are kept in a separated file.

  6. Classification of Adjectives in WN • Descriptives adjectives: attribute Warmth torrid – hot – warm – tepid – cool – cold- frigid • Relational adjectives 2 senses ofcosmologic Sense 1cosmologic, cosmological, cosmogonic, cosmogonical, cosmogenic, cosmogenical -- (pertaining to the branch of astronomy dealing with the origin and history and structure and dynamics of the universe; "cosmologic science"; "cosmological redshift"; "cosmogonic theories of the origin of the universe")Pertains to noun cosmology (Sense 2)=>cosmology, cosmogony, cosmogeny -- (the branch of astrophysics that studies the origin and evolution and structure of the universe)

  7. Classification of Adjectives in WN • Relational adjectives Sense 2cosmologic, cosmological -- (pertaining to the branch of philosophy dealing with the elements and laws and especially the characteristics of the universe such as space and time and causality; "cosmologic philosophy"; "a cosmological argument is an argument that the universe demands the admission of an adequate external cause which is God")Pertains to noun cosmology (Sense 1)=>cosmology -- (the metaphysical study of the origin and nature of the universe)=> metaphysics -- (the philosophical study of being and knowing)

  8. How Polysemy of Adjectives is represented • WordNet understands polysemy as a correlation of the frequency of occurrence ( Zipf 1945). It means that on the average, the more frequently a word is used the more different meanings it will have. • Therefore, new, which is : • Highly frequent, it is considered • Highly polysemous

  9. How Polysemy of Adjectives is represented • 1. new (vs. old) -- (not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered; "a new law"; "new cars"; "a new comet"; "a new friend"; "a new year"; "the New World")2. new(prenominal) -- (other than the former one(s); different; "they now have a new leaders"; "my new car is four years old but has only 15,000 miles on it"; "ready to take a new direction")3. new, unexampled -- (having no previous example or precedent or parallel; "a time of unexampled prosperity")

  10. How Polysemy of Adjectives is represented • 4. fresh, new, novel -- (of a kind not seen before; "the computer produced a completely novel proof of a well-known theorem")5. raw, new, wet behind the ears(predicate) -- (lacking training or experience; "the new men were eager to fight"; "raw recruits"; "he was still wet behind the ears when he shipped as a hand on a merchant vessel")6. newfangled, new -- (of a new (often outrageous) kind or fashion) 7. new, new to(predicate) -- ((often followed by `to') unfamiliar; "new experiences"; "experiences new to him"; "errors of someone new to the job")

  11. How Polysemy of Adjectives is represented • 8. new, young -- ((of crops) harvested at an early stage of development; before complete maturity; "new potatoes"; "young corn")9. new -- (unaffected by use or exposure; "it looks like new")10. New -- (in use after Medieval times; "New Eqyptian was the language of the 18th to 21st dynasties")11. Modern, New -- (used of a living language; being the current stage in its development; "Modern English"; "New Hebrew is Israeli Hebrew")

  12. Classification of Adjectives in EuroWordNet • Adjectives were not included in EuroWordNet, because: • Being a modifier, the information that conveys is less vital • It was considered a highly polysemous category- therefore representation in an enumerative lexicon becomes difficult

  13. Classification of Adjectives in the SpanishWordNet • Spanish and Catalan adjectives are translations of the English adjectives included in WordNet 1.5. • They are classified and represented in the same way

  14. Classification of Adjectives in the SWN • 01256444a all lock 0 new_1 0 nuevo_5 0 nou_1 not of long duration; having just come into being or been made or acquired or discovered: "a new law"; "new cars"; "a new comet"; "a new friend" • 01290120a all lock 0 fresh_2 novel_1 new_2 0 fresco_8 nuevo_8 novel_1 0 fresc_2 novell_1 nou_2 of a kind not seen before: "the computer produced a completely novel proof of a well-known theorem"

  15. Classification of Adjectives in the SWN • 00104365a all lock 0 new_4 unexampled_1 lock 0 inaudito_1 nuevo_2 lock 0 inaudit_2 nou_4 "an unprecedented expansion in population and industry" 00803732a all lock 0 hot_12 new_5 0 fresco_4 nolex 0 "hot off the press"; "fresh ideas"

  16. Classification of Adjectives in the SWN • all lock 0 new_8 newfangled_1 lock 0 novedoso_1 nolex 0 of a new (often outrageous) kind or fashion • all lock 0 modern_5 new_9 lock 0 moderno_2 contemporáneo_6 lock 0 modern_4 contemporani_4 used of a living language; being the current stage in its development: "Modern English"; "New Hebrew is Israeli Hebrew" Perteneciente o relativo al tiempo actual Pertanyent o relatiu al temps actual

  17. Extending the SpanishWordNet • At issue: • Relationals are not polysemous? • It is possible to represent polysemy of Adjectives without enumerating all the possible shades they may take? • Is it possible to relate polysemy with other parameters differents from frequency, compatibility with greater or smaller number of nominals, noun desambiguation? • Are Adjectives that polysemous?

  18. Extending the SpanishWordNet • This proposal bases the extending of the SpanishWordnet by incorporating Adjectives on the following premises: • Adjectives will be classified too in Descriptive and Relationals notwithstanding based on ontological criteria. • Their polysemy will also be accounted by the same ontological taxonomy. • They can also be classified according to the Base Concepts of the Top Ontology.

  19. The Ontological Criteria • These criteria come from within the framework of the Mikrokosmos Ontology (Nirenburg 1994 et al.). • In this model the lexicon mediates between a language of Text Meaning Representation and an ontology. • Adjective meaning is explained according to this conceptual ontology. • Lexical entries are instances of ontological types.

  20. The MikroKosmos Ontology • Classification of Adjectives: • Scalars: • based on Property ontological concepts Numerical scale : Warmth torrid – hot – warm – tepid – cool – cold - frigid Literal scale : colour red – yellow – black – white – blue – orange- • Evaluative Terrific – Great – Good – Regular – Bad – Awful - Horrible

  21. The MikroKosmos Ontology • Non-Scalars (Relationals): • Denominals: Object ontological concepts National – nation • Deverbals: Event ontological concepts Readable – read • An Adjectival Class: an ontological type

  22. The MikroKosmos Ontology • Numerical scale properties: • Evaluation Price • Size Speed • Mass Ease • Girth • Age • Cost • Literal scale properties: • Orientation Direction • Side Color • Shape

  23. Treatment of Adjectival Polysemy • In this proposal: • Polysemy of a lexical item implies a change of meaning • A romantic style / a romantic adventure • In Spanish: negocio familiar / una atmosfera familiar • In English: a family business / a familiar atmosphere • Good son / Good deal : always positive • Polysemy has to do with relatedness of senses arising through extension of meaning (Aarts & Calbert, 1979) • This relatedness of senses can be explained by the ontological model

  24. Treatment of Adjectival Polysemy • A change of Ontological Type: from an Ontology of Entities or Events to an Ontology of Properties • Victor Hugo is a French romanticauthor who lived during the XIX century • Venice is a very romantic city for lovers • A change within the same Ontological Type: • High altitude: Scale Height • High ideals: Scale Evaluative

  25. EuroWordNet Top Concept Ontology • Top Concept Ontology classifies the Base Concepts • Base Concepts are the most important prevailing meanings in the local wordnets, and constitute a shared set of 1059. Represent the shared cores of the different wordnets. • Top Concept Ontology consists of 63 fundamental semantic distinctions, organized by subtype and opposition relations, which organize the Base Concepts

  26. EuroWordNet Top Concept Ontology • It is linked to the Inter-Lingual-Index (ILI) and provides some language-independent structuring of it. • The 63 semantic distinctions or Top Concepts are classified according to three types of entities: 1st-Order-Entities, 2nd-Order-Entities and 3rd-Order-Entities.

  27. EuroWordNet Top Concept Ontology • 1st-Order-Entities: expressed by concrete nouns, concrete entities. One euro, a college, a hobbit • 3rd-Order-Entities: expressed by abstract nouns: any unobservable proposition. Platonic ideas

  28. EuroWordNet Top Concept Ontology • 2nd-Order-Entities: • denoted by any part of speech (nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs). • represent any static or dynamic situation that cannot be grasped, seen, felt, or experienced as an independent physical thing. • located in time, they happen, rather than exist.

  29. EuroWordNet Top Concept Ontology • 2ndOrderEntities: (two classification schemes) • Situation Type: the event-structure in terms of which a situation can be characterized as a conceptual unit over time • Dynamic: transition -BoundedEvent -UnboundedEvent • Static -Property: colour, speed, age, length, size, shape, weight. (single entity) -Relation: relation, kinship, distance, space (two entities)

  30. EuroWordNet Top Concept Ontology Situation Components (BC as conceptually coherent clusters. SC reflect the most salient semantic components) • Usage • Time • Social • Quantity • Purpose • Possession • Physical

  31. EuroWordNet Top Concept Ontology • Modal • Mental • Manner • Location • Experience • Existence • Condition • Communication

  32. EuroWordNet Top Concept Ontology • Cause • Agentive • Stimulating • Phenomenal Proposal: to reuse Top Concepts as a new Property, Object and Event ontological concepts, and viceversa.

  33. Extending the SpanishWordNet • The idea is to use the ontological structure of MikroKosmos in events, objects and properties to introduce and classify the adjectives in the SpanishWordNet • In the Top Ontology: to verify if all the Top Concepts Concepts of 2nd-Order-Entities denote all possible adjectives-situations

  34. Extending the SpanishWordNet • Joining both ontologies • Incorporation of the adjectival synsets into the Inter-Lingual-Index • Incorporation of the new Top Concepts that represent the adjectival scales into the class of 2nd-Order-Entities. • Scalar adjectives will be defined according to the Base Concepts of 2nd-Order-Entities • Non Scalar adjectives (Denominals and Deverbals) will be defined in relation with the Base Concepts of all Entities.

  35. Extending the SpanishWordNet • Classification(s) of adjectives in the SWN: • Following the MikroKosmos ontological taxonomy, adjectives can be classified according to the three types of entities: • Scalars: subsumed under 2nd-Order-Entities • Non Scalars: subsumed under 1st, 2nd and 3rd Order Entities (Denominals) and under 2nd-Order-Entities (Deverbals) • 2nd -Order-Entities are denoted by adjectives. Therefore all of them can be classified according to the Base Concepts of these Entities

  36. Extending the SpanishWordNet • Proposal of an adjectival synset which represents polysemy: denominal and scalar • The adjective "romantic" has 3 senses in WordNet.1. romantic, romanticist, romanticistic -- (belonging to or characteristic of romanticism or the Romantic movement in the arts; "romantic poetry")2. amatory, amorous, romantic -- (expressive of or exciting sexual love or romance; "her amatory affairs"; "amorous glances"; "a romantic adventure"; "a romantic moonlight ride")3. quixotic, romantic, wild-eyed -- (not sensible about practical matters; unrealistic; "as quixotic as a restoration of medieval knighthood"; "a romantic disregard for money"; "a wild-eyed dream of a world state")

  37. Extending the SpanishWordNet • Proposal of an adjectival synset which represents polysemy: denominal and scalar The adjectiveromantic has also 3 senses in the SWN.1. romantic, romanticist, romanticistic • Based on an Object ontological concept (Romanticism): denominal 2. romantic, amorous • Based on a Property ontological concept (scale: evaluative (sentimentalism) 3. romantic, wild-eyed • Based on a Property ontological concept (scale: evaluative (idealism)

  38. Extending the SpanishWordNet • Proposal of an adjectival synset which represents polysemy: scalar The adjective new has only 4 senses in the SPW 1. new (vs. old) -- (not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) Based on a Property ontological concept (scale: temporal (duration) 2. new(prenominal) -- (other than the former one(s); different;)3. new, unexampled -- (having no previous example or precedent or parallel;) 4. fresh, new, novel -- (of a kind not seen before; )

  39. Extending the SpanishWordNet • Proposal of an adjectival synset which represents polysemy: scalar 5. raw, new, wet behind the ears(predicate) -- (lacking training or experience; ) 6. newfangled, new -- (of a new (often outrageous) kind or fashion) 7. new, new to(predicate) -- ((often followed by `to') unfamiliar; ) 9. new -- (unaffected by use or exposure; "it looks like new") Based on a Property ontological concept (scale: newness)

  40. Extending the SpanishWordNet • Proposal of an adjectival synset which represents polysemy: scalar 8. new, young -- ((of crops) harvested at an early stage of development; before complete maturity;)Based on a Property ontological concept (scale: maturity)11. Modern, New -- (used of a living language; being the current stage in its development; )Based on a Property ontological concept (scale: temporary nature)

  41. Conclusions • This paper tries to propose a new classification of Adjectives heading towards an extension of the SpanishWordNet, as well as a new way of representing polysemy. • The following has been shown: • Relationals are also polysemous • Adjective polysemy can be reduced and represented • Ontological criteria can reflect the relationship between diferents senses of a lexical item

  42. Conclusions • Future work includes: • To focus on the syntagmatic level of the Adjective-Noun combinations, and to study the diferent grades of co-ocurrence (Of compositive, semicompositive and noncompositive character). • To treat if possible the called adverbials adjectives using the same ontological structure

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