European Exploration

1. European Exploration Who will take the Western Hemisphere?

2. Pre-Columbian time period. • First Americans came from Asia • Crossed the Bering Straitduring the Ice Age • Following a food source • Gradual migration

3. Early Human Migrations 1st Migration, 38,000-1800 BCE 2nd Migration, c. 10,000-4,000 BCE 3rd Migration, c. 8,000-3,000 BCE

4. Culture area CULTURE AREAS OF NATIVE AMERICANS

5. Prince Henry the Navigator(1394–1460) • Son of the king of Portugal • Had been a crusader • Investigated possible trade opportunities in Africa

6. Vasco da Gama • 1498, sailed for India • Reached India • Sea route Da Gama in India Portrait of da Gama

7. Christopher Columbus • Italian navigator • Sought patron for his exploration idea • Sailed under the title “Admiral of the Seas”

8. Amerigo Vespucci • Early life • Exploration • Naming the New World

9. Hernando Cortes • Conquered the Aztec Empire (1519–1521) • Defeated Montezuma • Governor of Mexico

10. Francisco Pizarro • Conquered the Incas • Held Atahualpa, the Inca ruler, prisoner • Once he controlled the area, he exploited the Incas

11. Ferdinand Magellan • Explored the coast of South America • Entered Pacific Ocean Magellan’s route

13. The Renaissance Arebirth of Greek and Roman ideals and a rebirth of Europe. Artists and sculptors of the Renaissance studied the more realistic art of Rome. They used live models to help portray the human body. Artists such as Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo flourished during this time Intellectual ideas such as the study of history, literature, and philosophy spread Started in northern Italy (Florence and Milan) and spread north into northern Europe (esp. France, England, and Germany) Leonardo’s da Vinci’s Mona Lisa Michelangelo’s Pieta

14. The Scientific Revolution Galileo Francis Bacon Isaac Newton 1550-1700 Mathematicians, astronomers, biologists, physicists, and botanists made observations and discoveries. Galileo proved that the Milky Way contained many distant stars Francis Bacon helped to create the Scientific Method. Isaac Newton explains the laws of gravity

15. Results of the Renaissance & the Scientific Revolution The Renaissance and the Scientific Revolution brought big changes to Europe. European countries began to compete with one another for natural resources and trade power. They also wanted spices, gold, and other riches. Improved shipbuilding and navigational tools allowed for long sea voyages. Exploration would give these countries what they needed to stay in power or become powerful.

16. European Exploration 1) Why was Portugal the first to set sail? 2) Why do you think there was a desire to explore? Was there a need? 3) What was Columbus looking for?

17. European Exploration The Mentality Mercantilism - Policy by which a nation sought to export more than it imported to build up it’s supply of gold and silver (wealth). All profits went to the Nation!!! Zero-sum gain - There is a fixed sum of wealth in the world, and for every winner there is a loser… Question: Following the Renaissance and the Rise of Monarchies, why do you think Europeans went exploring? Answer: MONEY and RESOURCES!!! War was a big drain!

18. European Exploration: Motivations Motivations (for): 1) Europeans were also looking for new trade routes to India, China, and other places… Why? 2) Europeans were also looking to spread Christianity… but, soon the Protestant Reformation will add a new dimension 1) Christianity conversion, Gold, and Glory 2) EmpireCapabilities

19. European Exploration : Motivations (1) Catholicism: Spread Christianity while taking real estate! 1492 - Christopher Columbus sets out to find new Trade routes to India and China to cut out the middle-men (the Ottomans) The Ottomans were Muslims… placed invisible barrier to the Middle East and Asia… Every time Europeans wanted to trade with China or India they had to pass through Ottoman trading posts; this meant that they had to give money to the Muslims.

20. European Exploration : Motivations (1) RELIGION: By Columbus’ time (1492) the last of the Muslim Strongholds (Moors) in Spain had been defeated,this led to a shift in European focus… Pre 1517 - The focus of Europe was fighting the Muslims’ expansion West since Charlemagne Islamic westward expansion slows … After 1517 - Their focus is on spreading Christianity to new lands… you can’t let the heretics get to them first!

21. European Exploration : Motivations (1) Gold: They wanted money of their own! Originally they got their money by cutting out the Ottomans from trade. Later, Europeans start looking for resources from the Americas and Africa… not good for either continent! - Spain = South America for silver and gold. • England = North America for natural resources Africa for manual labor - France = Also North America

22. European Exploration : Motivations (1) Glory: For the glory of the king! The way to make the country more powerful was to Increase it’s wealth. You do this by getting as much as You can. If you didn’t get the wealth someone else would! They Would win and you would lose! The more wealth a country had = more power in war! Victory over your enemies was everything!

23. European Exploration : Motivations (2) Viking ships had square sails to capture the wind… Early Chinese ships had triangle sails, allowing them to cut through wind currents…

24. WHY THE RUSH? • To find sea routes to Africa and Asia • Silk, spices, gold, silver, or other precious stones • To expand their knowledge of the world

25. European Exploration : Motivations (2) The Portuguese combined the 2 sail designs to come up with their own design. This design was later Modified by the Spanish… The Galleon…

27. European Exploration : Motivations (2) Capabilities: What allowed the Euros to cross oceans? By the 1400s Portugal is building good ships, and making accurate sea charts. With the use of the compass “borrowed” from the Chinese, the Portuguese are able to navigate well. Combining old designs together the Portuguese were able to make a small, fast, and maneuverable ship design…

28. European Exploration : Motivations (2) Prince Henry the Navigator - 1394 through 1460 For military reasons and trade routes he encourages Sailors to push farther and chart new areas. The Portuguese sail down the African west coast, as they do so they set up trading stations along the coast… these trading stations would later become the origins of the African slave trade. 1492 - Christopher Columbus lands in San Salvador and calls the locals Indians; thinking that he had arrived in India (he thought the earth was 8,000 miles around)…

29. New Maritime Technologies Better Maps Hartman Astrolabe(1532) Mariner’s Compass Sextant

30. New Weapons Technology

31. 15th century trade routes

32. European trade routes

33. 4 Voyages of Columbus The NINA, PINTA & SANTA MARIA

34. 4 Voyages of Columbus

35. Spain and Portugal • Spain and Portugal were the major players early on in the search for new lands • This drive for new lands put the two countries in direct competition which caused Pope Alexander VI to convince the two countries to divide any new overseas trading interests between them

36. Explorers Sailing For Portugal • Prince Henry the Navigator - Portugal - Funded Exploration down coast of Africa - 1419-1460 • BartolomeuDias - Portugal - Rounded the Cape of Good Hope - 1488 • Vasco da Gama - Portugal - Opened trade with India - Placed Portugal in position to dominate trade with India - 1498 • Pedro Alvarez Cabral - Portugal - Claimed present day Brazil for Portugal - 1500

37. The Treaty of Tordesillas • In 1494, “for the sake of peace and concord” Spain and Portugal resolved their differences in the Treaty of Tordesillas • This Treaty established a line at 48 degrees west longitude and extended it around the earth • Any lands to the west of this line belonged to Spain

38. The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1434& The Pope’s Line of Demarcation, 1493

39. European Exploration : Motivations (2) 1497 - Vasco de Gama, a Portuguese sailor, goes around The cape of good hope (south Africa) en route to India. Gama finds himself in the Indian Ocean and finds a century- old ocean trade network (Arabs and Africans). They weren’t too impressed with the Portuguese.

40. European Exploration : Motivations (2) The Arab and African ships were not equipped with any sort of weapons… The Portuguese were, they had front mounted canons… They forced the Arabs into moving goods for them. Now Europeans use naval technology to affect naval trade.

41. America gets a name! • In 1499, a Portuguese expedition captained by an Italian-born navigator named Amerigo Vespucci sailed down the coast of South America • Vespucci believed that this land was a vast new continent and he erroneously received credit for discovering what German mapmakers named “America”

42. What? Another Ocean? • On expeditions to Panama, Vasco, Nunez de Balboa (& dog Leoncico) learned from the native peoples of a huge body of water called the “great waters” • He led an expedition with the assistance of the native peoples and he was the first European to set his sights on this great new body of water • To Balboa, the water appeared calm and peaceful so he gave it the name ‘Pacifica’ (latin) which later became the Pacific Ocean

43. England vs. Spain! • By the 1570s, Queen Elizabeth I was concerned with Spain’s increasingly global influence • Fearful of an open confrontation with Spain she gave her unofficial approval to piracy against Spanish ships and settlements • Men such as Sir Francis Drake cruised the shores of Spanish America stealing from ships, settlements and people – These men became know as Privateers

44. Watch Out! Here Comes the Armada! • Eventually Spain, seeking revenge against England for attacks on her colonies dispatched her huge fleet of ships known as the Spanish Armada against England’s fleet • King Philip II felt he had to destroy the English fleet to solve the problem

45. Defeat of the Armada! • Despite being greatly outnumbered, the English fleet was faster and pounded the huge Galleons with artillery before they could get close enough to board the smaller vessels • Having been badly damaged in the battle the fleet was forced up through the English Channel into the North Sea where a fierce storm further crippled the fleet • In a single battle, Spain lost almost all of her naval forces and the English way to the Americas was clear

46. European Exploration : Motivations (2) America Exploration: American exploration takes place during the 1500s, primarily the teens to 20s. The Europeans (even with their cannon ships that the Chinese don’t have) don’t have land power, so they can’t conquer the Chinese… yet… The Americas change all of this!

47. French Presence In America • 1608 Samuel de Champlain founded Quebec City • 1682 Robert de La Salle followed Mississippi River to Gulf Of Mexico and claimed the land for France calling it Louisiana • French gov’t disinterested in N. American colonies preferring Caribbean sugar col.

48. The Dutch In America • 1609 Henry Hudson sailed for the Dutch and set up a trading post on Manhattan Island calling it New Amsterdam • Profitable trade in furs took place, but poor leadership and weak gov’t lead to England taking over in 1664

49. Ferdinand Magellan & the First Circumnavigation of the World

50. Explorers Sailing From Hispaniola • Ponce De Leon- colonist of Hispaniola - Established colony at Puerto Rico - Sailed north looking for Fountain of Youth - Discovered Florida - 1508 • Nunez Balboa- colonist of Hispaniola - Established settlement in Panama - 1st European to see Pacific Ocean - 1513 • Hernando de Coronado- Spain - Explored north from Mexico; up Colorado River; saw Grand Canyon -1540 • Hernando de Soto- Spain - Explored Florida into Carolina’s and west to the Mississippi River - 1541