The place where two continental plates come together is known as

1. What is the age of an intrusion of igneous rock in relation to the sedimentary rock layers through which it passes? • The same age as the other rock layer • always older • Sometimes younger, sometimes older • always younger • Of the following methods, which led scientists to infer that Earth is about 4.6 billion years old? • a)Studying index fossils • b) applying the law of superposition • c) Studying fault lines • d) using radioactive dating on moon rocks • The relative age of a rock is • a)Less that the age of the fossils the rock contains. • b) Its age compared with the ages of other rocks. • c) Its age based on how much carbon-14 the • rock contains. • d) The number of years since the rock formed • A fossil formed when minerals replace all or part of an organism is called a • Petrified fossil b) cast • c) mold d)Trace fossil • The time it takes for half the radioactive atoms in a sample of a radioactive element to decay is the element’s • Potassium-argon date b) half-life • c) Relative age d) absolute age • Any trace of an ancient organism that have been preserved in rock is called a • Fossil b) continent • c) landmass d) landform • Geologists use radioactive dating to • Tell where one soil horizon ends and the next one begins. • Determine the relative ages of rock layers • Tell the difference between molds and casts. • Determine the absolute ages of rocks • Radioactive decay occurs when atoms of some elements • Become part of a fossil • Are exposed to chemical weathering • join with atoms of another element • break down to form atoms of another element • In sea-floor spreading, molten material rises from the mantle and erupts • At the north and south poles • along the edges of all the continents • In deep-ocean trenches • along mid-ocean ridges • The process by which the ocean floor sinks beneath a deep-ocean trench and back into the mantle is known as • Subduction b) Conduction • c) continental drift d) convection

2. The place where two continental plates come together is known as • Rift valley, convergent boundary, transform boundary, or divergent boundary • Old oceanic crust is more dense than new oceanic crust because it is • Closer to the mid-ocean ridge, cool, hot, or moving toward a deep-ocean trench • What is Pangaea? • Another name for continental drift, the name of an ancient fossil, the name of a German scientist, or the name of the supercontinent that existed millions of years ago • A collision between two pieces of continental crust at a converging boundary produces a • Mountain range, rift valley, deep-ocean trench, or mid-ocean trench • According to Wegeners hypothesis of continental drift, • The continents were once joined together by a single landmass, Earth is slowly cooling and shrinking, the continents do not move, or Earth’s surface is made up of seven major landmasses. • Most geologists think that the movement of Earth’s plates is caused by • Convection currents in the mantle, earthquakes, Earth;s magnetic field, or conduction • The huge hole left by the collapse of a volcanic mountain is called a • Shield volcano, lava plateau, cinder cone, or caldera • What provides the force that causes magma to erupt to the surface? • Gravity in the lithosphere, the density of the magma, dissolved gases trapped in the magma, or the silica in the magma • When ash, cinders, and bombs build up in a steep pile around a volcano’s vent the result is • Composite volcano, shield volcano, dormant volcano, or cinder cone volcano • Tall, cone-shaped mountains in which layers of lava alternate with layers of ash are called • Cinder cone volcanoes, shield volcanoes, composite volcanoes, or lava plateaus

3. When many layers of thin, runny lava build up a high, level area the result is a • cinder cone volcano, composite volcano, lava plateau, or shield volcano • If Geologists detect many small earthquakes in the area near a volcano, what can they infer about the volcano? • It is extinct, it is dormant, it is probably about to erupt, or it is a good source of geothermal energy. • The main factor that accounts for the difference between quiet and explosive volcanic eruptions is • the iron content of the magma, the silica content of the magma, the age of the volcano, or the size of the volcano’s magma chamber. • Before lava reaches the surface, the molten material is called • magma, liquid fire, volcanic ash, or rock • In which location would you most likely find volcanoes? • where two continental plates collide, along mid-ocean ridges and where a plate is subducted, far from plate boundaries, or along transform boundaries • In a strike-slip fault, the rock on either side of the fault slip past each other sideways with little • up-or-down motion, noise, shaking, or movement. • Compared to P waves and S waves, surface waves move • faster, slower, at the same rate, or farther from the epicenter • How many seismograph data points are required to locate an earthquakes epicenter? • 2, 1, 3, or 4 • The point beneath Earth’s surface where rock breaks under stress and triggers an earthquake is called the • epicenter, focus, syncline, or footwall. • In a normal fault, the part of the fault that lies below the other part is called the • Hanging wall, anticline, reverse fault, or footwall

4. Suppose two normal faults cause valleys to drop down on either side of a block of rock. As the hanging wall of each normal fault slips downward, the block between forms a • rift valley, folded mountain, lava plateau, or fault-block mountain • A large area of flat land elevated high above sea level is called a • syncline, fault, canyon, or plateau • Sometimes forces inside the earth turn rock layer over completely. This is called • a fault, folding, an intrusion, or an unconformity • S waves and also known as • primary waves, focus waves, surface waves, or secondary waves. • Which type of stress produces reverse faults? • compression, deformation, tension, shearing • Stress that pushes a mass of rock in two opposite directions is called • compression, shearing, deformation, or tension • Which of the following can cause damage days or months after a large earthquake? • a tsunami, an aftershock, convection, the arrival of surface waves • A fold in rock that bends upward into an arch is called a(n) • canyon, anticline, plateau, or syncline • Many uses of land, including logging, mining, and farming expose the soil, which can lead to • crop rotation, nutrient depletion, development, or erosion. • Most of the Earth’s water (about 97 percent) is • in the clouds, in the form of snow or ice, freshwater in lakes and rivers, or saltwater in oceans

5. 41)The process of restoring an area of land to a more natural, productive state is called land reclamation, erosion, nutrient depletion, or development42)The type of molecule that is the major cause of the ozone hole and blocks the ozone cycle is called carbon dioxide, oxygen atoms, carbon monoxide, or chlorofluorocarbons43)A river system is made up of a river and its tributaries, divides, runoff, or sediments44) What is a major role of technology in controlling air pollution? Removing CFC’s from the atmosphere, banning the use of pollutants, reducing emissions, or cleaning up oil spills45)Using land to grow food crops is an example ofdevelopment, mining, agriculture, or desertification46)Which of the following is one reason that wetlands are important? Wetlands make summers hotter and winters cooler, wetlands cause worse floods because water cannot be absorbes, wetlands help control floods by absorbing extra runoff from heavy rains, or wetlands make good areas for farms, homes ,and businesses.47)Farmers may leave fields unplanted or plant alternate crops to reduce strip mining, desertification, erosion, or nutrient depletion48)A well in which groundwater rises because of pressure is called a(n) spring well, geyser well, dry well, or artisan well49)An aquifer is a(n) well in which water rises because of pressure, underground layer of rock or sediment that holds water, type of hot springs from which the water periodically erupts, or place where groundwater bubbles or flows out of cracks in the rock 50)All of the following are examples of limiting factors EXCEPTfood, soil, weather condition, or space

6. Fertilizers and pesticides are examples of road runoff, human wastes, agricultural wastes, or industrial wastes • Wetlands provide habitats for many living things because of their sheltered waters and thick layer of mud, ability to prevent floods, large supply of nutrients, or lack of insects • People can obtain groundwater by drilling a well into the impermeable layer, above the water table, into the unsaturated zone, or into an aquifer • Which term refers to similar structures that related species have inherited from a common ancestor? Developmental organisms, homologous structures, DNA sequences, or punctuated equilibria • If all members of a species disappear from Earth, the species is said to be extinct, endangered, threatened, of keystone • A trait that helps an organism survive and reproduce is called a(n) adaptation, variation, selection, or mutation. • Differences between members of the same species are called traits, variations, selections, or predators • The gradual change in species over time is called variation, evolution, natural selection, or adaptation • The place where an organism lives and that provides the things the organism needs is called its population, species, habitat, or community • Which term refers to the process by which individuals that are better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce? Natural selection, competition, variation, or overproduction

7. An organism’s particular role in its habitat, or when and how it survives, is called its • niche, carrying capacity, ecosystem, or competition • Which term refers to a species creating more offspring than can possibly survive? • Variation, overproduction, natural selection, or evolution • An organism’s genotype is its • Physical appearance, feather color, genetic makeup, or stem height • Which combination of sex chromosomes results in a male human being? • XX, XY, YY, or either XX or YY • What are multiple alleles? • Three or more forms of a gene that code for a single trait, more that two genes that control a trait, three or more chromosomes that determine a trait, or more than two co dominant genes in a chromosome • What is probability? • The way the results of one event affect the next event, a number that describes how likely it is that an event will occur, the actual results from a series of events, or the number of times a coin lands heads up. • What does a punnett square show? • only the recessive alleles in a genetic cross, all of Mendel's discoveries about genetic crosses, only the dominant alleles in a genetic cross, or all the possible outcomes of a genetic cross • A DNA molecule is shaped like a • Triple helix, long, thin rod, straight ladder, or twisted ladder • Each skunk body cell has 50 chromosomes. How many chromosomes will each skunk sex cell (sperm or egg) have? • 25,15, 100, or 50 • Scientists call an organism that has two different alleles for a trait a • Dominant, hybrid, factor, or purebred

8. 71. An organism that has two identical alleles for a trait is Dominant, hybrid, factor, or purebred 72. When sex cells combine to produce offspring, each sex cell will contribute one fourth the number of chromosomes in body cells,, the normal number of chromosomes in body cells, twice the number of chromosomes in body cells, or half the number of chromosomes in body cells 73. The different forms of a gene are called Alleles, masks, factors, or traits 74. An organism’s physical appearance is its Dominance, genotypes, allele, or phenotype 75. Factors that control traits are called Recessives, parents, purebreds, or genes 76. What does the notation Tt mean to geneticists? Two dominant alleles, one dominant allele and one recessive allele, two recessive alleles, homozygous alleles 77. What does the notation TT mean to geneticists? One dominant and one recessive allele, heterozygous alleles, at least one dominant allele, or two dominant alleles 78. What forms a genetic code? The number of phosphates in a DNA strand, the order of nitrogen bases along a gene, the order of proteins along a gene, the number of daughter cells in an organism 79.A heterozygous organism has Two different alleles for a trait, two identical alleles for a trait, three different alleles for a trait, or only one allele for a trait

9. Chromosomes are made up of • A phenotype and genotype, male and female sex cells, many genes joined together, or one pair of alleles • What genetic disorder results in abnormally shaped blood cells? • The way the results of one event affect the next event, a number that describes how likely it is that an even will occur, the actual results from a series of events, or the number of times a coin lands heads up • What is a pedigree? • An allele passed from parent to child on a sec chromosome, a chart that tracks which members of a family have a particular trait, a geneticist who studies the inheritance of traits in humans, or a picture of all the chromosomes in a cell • Cloning results in two organisms that are • Genetically similar, genetically identical, both adult mammals, or produced from cuttings • A carrier is a person who has • Two dominant alleles for a trait, more than two alleles for a trait, two recessive alleles for a trait, or one recessive and one dominant allele for a trait • Down Syndrome most often occurs when • Sickle-shaped cells become stuck in blood vessels, a person inherits a recessive allele, chromosomes fail to separate properly during meiosis, or blood fails to clot properly. • The application of a technological process, invention, or method to living organisms is called • Genetic engineering, bioengineering, genetic screening, or biotechnology • Why are sex-linked traits more common in males than in female? • In males, there is usually no matching allele on the Y chromosomes to mask the allele on the X chromosome, in males any alleles on the Y chromosome will be codominant with the matching allele on the x chromosome, in males all alleles on the Y chromosome are recessive, in males all alleles on the X chromosome are dominant

10. 88. Genetic disorders are caused by • dominant alleles only, recessive alleles only, pedigrees, or DNA mutations or changes in chromosomes • 89. What must occur for a girl to be colorblind? • Each parent must be colorblind, each parent must have the recessive allele for colorblindness, each parent must have two codominant alleles for colorblindness, each parent must have the dominant allele for colorblindness • 90. Sex-linked genes are genes on • The X chromosome only, the X and the Y chromosomes, the Y chromosome only, all 23 pairs of chromosomes • 91. Population density is defined as • The number of individuals moving into a population, the smallest level of ecological organization, an approximation of a number based on reasonable assumptions, or the number of individuals of a population in a specific area. • 92.Vultures, which feed on the bodies of dead organisms, are • First-level consumers, scavengers, herbivores, or producers • 93.Mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism are the three types of • Competition, predation, prey adaptations, or symbiotic relationships • 94.The first organism in a food chain is always a • Producer, consumer, carnivore, or herbivore • 95. The smallest unit of ecological organization is a single • Ecosystem, population, organism, or community

11. 97.All the different populations that live together in an area make up a(n) • Species, ecosystem, community, or organism • 98.Consumers that eat both plants and animals are called • Omnivores, carnivores, scavengers, or herbivores • 99.Which of the following is a biotic factor in the prairie ecosystem? • grass, water, sunlight, or soil • 100.An organism that can make its own food is called a • Producer, consumer, scavenger, or decomposer • 101.The nonliving parts of an ecosystem are called • Organisms, populations, biotic factors, or abiotic factors