Chapter 2

1. Chapter 2 How Did the Ideas of the Italian Renaissance Spread Throughout Europe?

2. How Did the Renaissance Ideas begin to Spread? • Renaissance ideas eventually spread west and north to all areas of Western Europe • Scholars and artist travelled to the Italian city-states for knowledge and brought it to their homelands • Ideas changed and adapted to fit each society • P.49 • Canada’s Renaissance type ideas

3. Where and How did the Renaissance Spread?Why Were Ideas So Slow to Spread? • Effects of the Renaissance across Western Europe came later but were just as significant • Feudalism • Harder to break in lands beyond Italy • Owners of fiefdoms (feudal land) were strongly opposed to the Renaissance • War • Many Northern European states at war which prevented the spread of new ideas (Germany, Netherlands, England) • Religion • The Catholic Church had a stronger hold and kept the status quo (the present way of doing things)

4. What Allowed Renaissance Ideas to Spread More Quickly? • When the Hundred Years War ended, travel became safer • Urbanisation • France and Germany waged war on the Italian city-states • Exposed European monarchs and nobility to Renaissance Ideas • Ideas were borrowed from Italy • Italians were hired • Peace = increase in trade

5. What Allowed Renaissance Ideas to Spread More Quickly? • Increase in trade = increase in business and banking • Wealth used to support artists • Growth of humanism • A system of thought that centers on humans and their values; potential, and worth; concerned with the welfare of humans.

6. The most influential invention of all time. • The Printing Press • Invented by Johann Gutenberg in the mid-1400’S • First European book printed was the Gutenberg bible • Faster than copying a book by hand • More books = more readers and writers • By 1500, more than 200 printing presses • Church opposed printing of bibles for the common people = afraid they would no longer be needed

7. How Did Humanism Affect the Renaissance Worldview? • Classical writings suggested that life on Earth has value • Before most people focused on the afterlife • These writings lead people to believe that humans potential to do great things, no matter who they were • Even though they believed in faith and the afterlife, humanists thought life on Earth should be rich and full.

8. How Did Scholars and Philosophers Spread the Ideas of Humanism? • Scholars travelled from one university to another to study and teach new ideas • Humanism supported civic duty and the value of learning • Humanism in Europe as opposed to Italy was more focused on religious issues and learning Christian texts to become better citizens and Christians

9. Scholars • Francanesco Petrarch (1304-2374) • Discovered and translated ancient classical Greek and Roman texts as well as promoting their study • Believed that truly educated people read books, travelled and surrounded themselves with art • Believed in God and the value of life on Earth

10. Scholars • Erasmus (1466-1536) • Believed people should be taught to argue and apply their knowledge • Said bible should be translated for all to read • Believed the role of the Church was to teach and support the faith

11. Scholars • Michel de Montaigne (1533-1592) • Created the essay writing form • Believed in tolerance and common sense • Believed that friendship, love, and courage should form the basis of human actions

12. How Did Artists Help Spread the Ideas of the Renaissance? • Art began to reflect the new thinking of humanism • Began portraying the world as it really looked • After the 15th century, art focused less on religious themes • Recording the likeness of people became important • Artist travelled more and developed better techniques • Became respected and got paid • Became important contributors to society

13. Artists • Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475-1564) • Painter, poet, architect, sculptor • Painted the Sistine Chapel • Created realistic representations

14. Artists • Leonardo da Vinci (1503-1506) • May be the best-known painter and figure of the Renaissance, genius, inventor • Mona Lisa considered the most famous painting • Introduced the sfumato technique (blurring of lines)

15. Artists • Donatello (1386-1466) • Developed a technique for casting bronze statues - Donatello’s David (created about 1440)

16. How Did Ideas Spread Among Scientists and Mathematicians? • Movement of science slow during the Middle Ages • Religion • Europe still very superstitious • All money went to arts • Universities paid little attention to science • Renaissance = scientists looking at the world using reasoning and observation • Accumulation of knowledge during the Renaissance lead to the age of scientific discovery

17. Scientists and Mathematicians • Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) • Mathematician and astronomer • Came up with the theory that the Earth revolved around the sun rather than everything revolving around the earth • Proved that the Earth rotated on its axis once a day • Believed to be a heretic (having an opinion against the beliefs of a religion)

18. Scientists and Mathematicians • Leonardo da Vinci • Dissected cadavers to makes drawings on anatomy • Made plans for parachutes, tanks and submarines • François Viète (1540-1603) • Wrote books on trigonometry and geometry • Provided solution to doubling a cube and trisecting an angle

19. Inventions • During the Renaissance, the mechanical clock was invented • Before the early 1500’s time was measured by • Sundials • Hourglasses • Time could now be accurately measured

20. How Did Writers Influence the Renaissance Worldview? • Writers began to compose their works in their own languages • Vocabularies, spellings, grammar became more standardized • This increased a common sense of identity among their speakers, readers and writers.

21. Writers • Geoffrey Chaucer (1343-1400) • Canterbury Tales (explained social and political circumstances of the time) • Sir Thomas Moore (1478-1535) • Wrote Utopia (describes a world that has no problems) • Executed for his refusal to denounce the catholic church • François Rabelais (1494-1553) • Wrote Pantagruel, a series of books which made fun of aspects of society that he felt needed to be changed • Great example of humanism – questioning all aspects of society

22. Writers • Pléiade (mid-1500’s) • Began writing in French rather than Latin • William Shakespeare (1564-1616) • Poet, playwright • His works studied worldwide for their inventive use of language and their insights into human nature • P.75 #1, 3 read section on Leonardo da Vinci

23. How Did the Ideas of the Renaissance Change Social and Economic Systems? • Urbanization and the fall of the feudal system created a new middle class • As a result, more people had to learn to read, write and do arithmetic • Quality of Life improved • The sense of safety, comfort, security, health and happiness that a person has • Urbanization lead to the growth of a capitalist society • An economic system that depends on private investment and making profit

24. How Did the Ideas of the Renaissance Change Social and Economic Systems? • Trade was previously for the acquiring of basic necessities and done by bartering, but increased trade goods led to increased use of money • People became wealthier and money could therefore be used for pleasurable things such as art, music etc. • Society started becoming more secular and people began to focus more on this life on earth • Having to do with physical things; the opposite of spiritual

25. The Renaissance Family • Was an extended family with father, mother, children, grandparents all living in one household. • Father ruled the household, made all important decisions • Mothers maintained the household • Good relations very important • Children viewed as mini-adults • Married young, worked young

26. Women in the Renaissance • Although humanist believed all should be educated, it was mostly reserved for elite men. • Women had very little independence • A few women were writers and artists but they were considered exceptional

27. Education • Before the Renaissance, education was generally provided by the Roman Catholic Church • Focused on grammar, rhetoric (art of persuasive thinking) and logic (science of reasoning and proving arguments) • The Renaissance brought education based on the value of human life and students were taught to be good citizens • Began asking questions and seeking answers rather than accepting what they were told by authorities.

28. Review • Conclusion p.86 • P.87 #5, 6, 7 • These are the following terms and concepts you should know from the first two chapters… HINT HINT!!!!!