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Computer Code

Computer Code. Introduction. The Language of electronic component is binary All numeric and non-numeric data must be converted into binary language so that computer can understand it Representation of all numeric and non-numeric data in binary digits is known as computer code

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Computer Code

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  1. Computer Code

  2. Introduction • The Language of electronic component is binary • All numeric and non-numeric data must be converted into binary language so that computer can understand it • Representation of all numeric and non-numeric data in binary digits is known as computer code • Computer code is represented in different coding schemes

  3. Coding Schemes • BCD Code • ASCII Code • EBCDIC Code • Unicode

  4. BCD Code • Stands for Binary Coded Decimal • Used to represent decimal digits in binary • 4-bit code • Each decimal digit is represented by 4 binary digits • Used by early computers

  5. BCD Code http://electronicsarea.com/bcd-code/

  6. Example http://electronicsarea.com/bcd-code/

  7. Example http://electronicsarea.com/bcd-code/

  8. ASCII Code • American Standard Code for Information Interchange • Most widely used coding scheme for personal computers • 7-bit code can represent 128 characters • Not enough to represent some graphical characters displayed on computer screens • An 8 bit code can represent 256 characters • Extended 128 unique codes represent graphic symbols

  9. ASCII Code http://www.gjszlin.cz/ivt/esf/ostatni-sin/kodovani-textu.php?lang=1

  10. Example

  11. EBCDIC Code • Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code • 8-bit code • Divided into two group of 4 bits • Each group cam represent one hexadecimal digit • Normally used in mainframe computers • Can represent 256 characters

  12. EBCDIC Code http://www.rtty.com/CODECARD/codecrd1.htm

  13. Unicode • 16 bit code • Represent 65536 characters • Started to replace ASCII code • Can represent the characters of all languages in the world

  14. Boolean Algebra • Algebra of logic • Also called logical algebra or switching algebra • Uses symbols to represent logical statements instead of words • Consists of different rules to manipulate rules • Similar to calculus

  15. Boolean Algebra • Used in the designing of logic circuits in computer • Computer chips consists of transistors that are arranged in logical gates • Each gate performs a single logical operation • Computer performs logical operation by processing electrical pulses • Design of a particular circuit is based on a set of logical statements • Results of boolean algebra can be true or false • The digit 1 indicates true and 0 indicates false result

  16. Elements of Boolean Algebra • An expression in Boolean Algebra can be formed using different elements of Boolean algebra • Different elements of Boolean algebra are as follows: • Boolean Variables • Boolean Constants • Logical Operators • Parentheses

  17. Logical Operators in Boolean Algebra • Symbols used to perform logical operations are called logical operators • Different logical operators are: • AND • OR • NOT

  18. Basic Logic Gates • Many basic functions of the arithmetic and control units are carried out by logic gates • Each gate accepts input and produces an output • NOT Gate • AND Gate • OR Gate • NAND Gate • NOR Gate • XOR Gate • XNOR Gate

  19. Boolean Expression • Logical statement that is either true or false • Consists of different elements of Boolean Algebra

  20. Truth Table Logic Equation = X Y Z × + F X Z Y = + F X Y Z 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 Logic Diagram 0 1 0 0 X 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 F Y 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 Z 1 1 1 1 Logic Diagrams and Expressions • Boolean equations, truth tables and logic diagrams describe the same function! • Truth tables are unique, but expressions and logic diagrams are not. This gives flexibility in implementing functions.

  21. Invented by George Boole in 1854 • An algebraic structure defined by a set B = {0, 1}, together with two binary operators (+ and ·) and a unary operator ( ) + 0 X X = 1. 2. . 1 X X = 3. 1 1 4. . 0 0 X X + = = 5. 6. X + X X X . X X = = 7. 1 8. 0 X + X X . X = = 9. X = X 10. 11. XY YX = Commutative = X + Y Y + X Associative 12. 13. (XY) Z X(Y Z) = (X + Y) Z X + (Y Z) + = + X(Y + Z) XY XZ = + Distributive 14. 15. X + YZ = (X + Y) (X + Z) DeMorgan ’ s 16. 17. X + Y X . Y X . Y X + Y = = Boolean Algebra Identity element Idempotence Complement Involution

  22. References • Slides Taken From: www.cse.yorku.ca/~mack/1011/01.NumberSystems.ppt • Introduction to Information Technology by RiazShahid, CM Aslam and SafiaIftikhar • The Concepts of Information Technology by ImranSaeed, AhsanRaza, Tariq Mehmood and ZafarHussain

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