Motivation and Emotion

1. Motivation and Emotion

2. Motivation • Factors that activate, direct, and sustain goal-directed behavior. • MOTIVES are the “whys” of behavior, the needs and wants that drive behavior and explain why we do what we do.

3. Sources of Motivation • Biological--instincts, needs, drives • Psychological--incentives, psychosocial needs (need for achievement)

4. Biological Sources • Instinct--An inborn & unlearned tendency to act • Some psychologists and sociologists believe that all or nearly all behaviors are learned and therefore, there are few, if any instincts. • Instinct Theory • Behavior is motivated by instinct

5. POSSIBLE HUMAN INSTINCTS--Dr. Robert Port (Indiana University)SUSTENANCE1. eat and drink; seek food and water2. seek sweet and fatty (nutritious) foods3. avoid eating smelly or bitter things4. be cautious about novel foods5. seek better resources than presently available6. seek neighborhoods that are green and flowerySEX7. be interested in girls or boys (usually of opposite sex)8. seek sexual contact and excitement; "do the deed" - but in private andnot with your children or parents9. love children and the cute (female more than male)10. compete for resources (wealth, fame, etc.)11. pair up; find long-term partners (female more than male)12. compete for the best (and, for males, the most) partners (eg, show off, dress up)13. be aggressive, use force to gain advantage (male more than female)

6. DEFENSE14. blink; flinch; flee15. frown; snarl; attack for advantage (male more than female)16. keep yourself alive; ensure your genetic survival17. protect your own family18. grades of importance: own children > spouse > siblings > clan, etc19. obtain and defend resources: jobs, land, property,hunting rights, sex partners, etc. (male more than female)SOCIALITY20. bond with your group, hangout with your family21. try to reduce conflict within your group (female more than male)22. compete for leadership in groups23. imitate others: beliefs, knowledge and skills24. be wary of and dislike `outsiders'25. teach youngsters (female more than male)26. smile; laugh; mope; frown; strut; cry27. celebrate; share gifts (esp food); hug; grieve28. display emotions: anger, happiness, disgust, sadness, fear, surprise

7. KNOW/LEARN29. be curious about stuff, make sense of things30. learn about your surroundings31. play with toys (objects, pets, tools, machines, etc)32. explore new places, find more efficient methods33. be more adventurous - especially when youngTALK34. learn new words and more effective speech (especially the young)35. chitchat; commiserate; boast; scold; make jokes; entertain36. organize others' behavior; lead your fellows (male more than female)37. tell and listen to stories38. make music, make artistic

8. The instinct theory has fallen out of favor in large part because it really doesn’t explain behavior--it just describes it! Freud (Module 10) based much of his theory on instinct.

9. Drive Theory • Belief that behavior is motivated by drives that arise from biological needs that demand satisfaction • Need v. Drive • Need is a state of deprivation or deficiency • Drive is a bodily tension such as hunger or thirst that arises from an unmet need.

10. Primary v. Secondary Drive • Primary: hunger, thirst arising from biological needs • Secondary: learned or acquired through experience (like achieving wealth) • BUT, Harry Harlow and his monkeys showed that behavior is not only motivated by these drives but by the need for exploration and activity (stimulus motives) • Harlow's monkeys exploring

11. Arousal Theory --whenever the level of stimulation dips below our optimal level, we seek ways of increasing it; when it exceeds optimal level, we tone it down. Optimal level of arousal varies from person to person. (some are “sensation seekers”)

12. Psychological Sources • Incentive Theory • Our attraction to particular goals or objects motivates our behavior • Incentives • Rewards or other stimuli that motivate us to act • Incentive Value • The strength of a goal or reward

13. Psychosocial Needs • Interpersonal needs; need for friendship or achievement • Extrinsic v. Intrinsic Motivation • Extrinsic: Desire for external rewards, such as respect of others • Intrinsic: Desire for internal gratification, such as self-satisfaction derived from accomplishing a particular goal

14. Achievement v. Avoidance Motivation • Achievement: the motive or desire to achieve success • Avoidance: the motive or desire to avoid failure

15. Hierarchy of Needs • Abraham Maslow • Humanistic school of psychology • Emphasizes individual free will, personal growth, and self-actualization • Largely a reaction to the behaviorists who argued that there was no human free will

17. Module 8.2--Hunger and eating • Hunger is controlled by the hypothalamus • Obesity--Two main factors • Too many calories (portions are up) • Too little exercise (too much mechanization--automobiles)

18. Obesity and Genetics Set Point Theory--when weight loss or gain occurs, the brain adjusts the metabolic rate to keep body weight around its set point (when people lose weight, the brain slows the body’s metabolic rate--it becomes harder to lose weight as diet continues) Number of fat cells--obese people have up to 8x as many fat cells (they may feel hunger sooner)

19. Environmental Factors & Emotional Cues?

20. Eating Disorders • Anorexia Nervosa--an eating disorder characterized by refusal to maintain a healthy body weight, and an obsessive fear of gaining weight due to a distorted self image (side note--23% are on autism spectrum) • Bulimia Nervosa--an eating disorder characterized by restraining of food intake for a period of time followed by an over intake or binging period that results in feelings of guilt and low self-esteem.

21. A Little Detour--Module 8.3 Sexual Orientation • 1-3% of men and 1-2% of women identify themselves as exclusively gay (much higher % have had same-sex sexual contact). 1-4% of population is bisexual. • Psychological Theories • Freud believed homosexuality resulted from an overidentification with the parent of the opposite sex (evidence is mixed) • Gay males and lesbians recall more cross-gender behavior in childhood but this does not prove much • Gay males more likely to recall being more sensitive than other boys and having fewer male friends. Some theorize that these feelings of “differentness” change into erotic attractions.

22. A Little Detour--Module 8.3 Sexual Orientation • Biological Theories • Identical twins are more likely to have the same sexual orientation than fraternal twins (even more likely in men than women) 50% for identical; 20% for fraternal • The male sex hormone testosterone may play a role in shaping the developing brain during prenatal development in ways that later affect sexual orientation • Birth Order--men who have older brothers are more likely to be gay BUT only in actual brothers, not step-brothers. It is s hypothesized to have something to do with changes induced in the mother's body when gestating a boy that affects subsequent sons (interesting--only seen in right-handed children) • The Gay Gene (video 10:00)

23. Emotion • Feeling states that psychologists view as having physiological, cognitive, and behavioral components. • 3 main components to an emotion • Bodily arousal (Nervous System Activation) • Cognitions (feelings & judgments) • Expressed Behaviors (outward expression of emotion--joy, disappointment, remorse)

25. Darwin and Facial Expressions • Emotions evolved because they have an adaptive purpose of helping species survive and flourish. • He was first to link facial expressions to particular emotions.

26. Six Basic Facial Expressions--universally recognized • 6 faces video

27. Culture/Gender Differences? • People more accurate when recognizing facial expressions in people of their own ethnic & national groups. • Some cultures frown on public displays of emotion (Asian) or are more open to public displays (Latin America) • DISPLAY RULES are cultural customs and norms that govern the display of emotional expressions

28. Culture/Gender Differences? • Certain emotions are more common in some cultures or even unique to a culture while some are displayed differently • Japan (feeling of indebtedness to others is very strong) • Smiling in Britain v. U.S.

29. Culture/Gender Differences? • In many cultures, women are allowed to express certain emotions more than men • Women are better than men at expressing their feelings in words and facial expressions (Biological? Environmental?) • Women tend to smile more than men. • Evidence shows that women experience emotional states of love, joy, fear, sadness more than men

30. Trends in Happiness (positive psychology) • Higher income--> more happiness (but only to a point as happiness levels off above $50k a year) • Married people happier than single people but cause & effect not clear • Real Causes of Happiness: having friends, religious faith, our inborn genetic potential (people may have a “set” point for happiness).

31. Happiness--Positive Psychology • 3 Kinds of Human Happiness (Martin Seligman--founder of positive psychology) • Pleasure of doing things • Gratification (being absorbed and engaged in life activities) • Meaning (finding personal fulfillment in life activities) SEE TEXT FOR SUGGESTIONS ON BUILDING PERSONAL HAPPINESS

32. Facial-Feedback Hypothesis • Facial-Feedback Theory--mimicking the facial movements associated with an emotion will produce that emotional state. • Duchenne smile--genuine smile that involves contraction of certain facial muscles and often crow’s feet around the eyes)

33. Theories of Emotion: Which Comes First--the Thought or the Feeling? • James-Lange Theory (1890)--emotions follow bodily reactions (We see bear. We run. We become afraid) We cry--then we experience sadness • Cannon-Bard Theory (1927)--we feel emotions and then we act upon them [occurs approximately simultaneously]. (We see the bear. We experience fear and then we run).

34. Theories of Emotion: Which Comes First--the Thought or the Feeling? • Two-Factor Model 1960s (Stanley Schachter)-emotion has 2 components--physiological (body) arousal and cognition. So we have a pattern of event-->arousal-->reasoning--> emotion. (scary movie-->heart races--> reason that we are in safe environment--> “pleasurable excitement”)

35. Theories of Emotion: Which Comes First--the Thought or the Feeling? • Dual Pathway Model of Fear 2000 (Joseph LeDoux)--The brain uses 2 pathways for fear messages: • “High Road” to the cerebral cortex where it is processed carefully • “Low Road” to the amygdala where it is processed in the blink of an eye (provides faster response) • Ex.--Snake (amygdala) Stick (cerebral cortex)

36. Emotional Intelligence • 5 characteristics • Self awareness (knowing your true feelings) • Managing emotions appropriately • Motivating yourself to pursue goals • Recognizing emotions in others (empathy) • Helping others handle their emotions EI is seen by some as more important than IQ to success in life

37. Polygraphs • Polygraph measures patterns of bodily arousal, not necessarily lying. • Polygraph Video