From positive peace to human security Lecture at HEI, 5 April 2007, Course E 584 Topics in Peace Research

1. From positive peace to human securityLecture at HEI, 5 April 2007, Course E 584 Topics in Peace Research Nils Petter Gleditsch Centre for the Study of Civil War (CSCW) at the International Peace Research Institute, Oslo (PRIO) & Department of Sociology and Political Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology

2. Peace and human security The concept of peace - narrow - extended The evolving concept of security - traditional security - common security - comprehensive security - human security -- narrow -- wide

3. The definition of peace Galtung (1968 – but written in 1964–65) Negative peace: the absence of organized violence between such major human groups as nations, but also between racial and ethnic groups because of the magnitude that can be reached by internal wars Positive peace: a pattern of cooperation and integration between major human groups Source: Galtung (1968)

4. A new definition of peace Peace is the absence of violence Violence is present when human beings are influenced so that their actual somatic and mental realizations are below their potential realizations A typology of violence: Intended vs. not intended Manifest vs. latent Personal vs. structural - physical vs. psychological - with objects vs. without objects Negative peace is the absence of personal violence Positive peace is the absence of structural violence Source: Galtung (1969)

5. A critique of the new concept of violence Eide (1971): - the potential is not just a question of the technically feasible, but also how we allocate scarce resources - heart transplants feasible, but as a general cure it would be a misallocation resources - 'violence' is simply the cause of what the user does not like

6. Measuring structural violence Galtung & Höivik (1971) - measure violence by comparing the real world to a potential world (not an ideal world) - in the real world, life expectancy is correlated with social position - in the potential world, life expectancy is equal for all levels of social position Some problems: - what would it cost to bring everyone to the top level? - selection at the top level? - this only includes physical violence, not psychological

7. Measuring structural violence Köhler & Alcock (1976) - Annual loss calculated at 14–18 million deaths, accounting for international inequalities Höivik (1977) - Annual loss of 18 million, accounting also for internal inequalities - Annual battle deaths? 180,000?, i.e. 100: 1 - 9,6 million of the structural violence deaths occur in South Asia and 4,7 in Mainland East Asia - massive reduction of structural violence in the past 30 years Battle deaths data from Lacina & Gleditsch (2005)

8. What happened to structural violence? * Farmer, PE et al., 2006. 'Structural Violence and Clinical Medicine', PLOS MEDICINE 3 (10): 1686-1691 Osler, A., 2006 'Excluded Girls: Interpersonal, Institutional, and Structural Violence in Schooling', Gender and Education 18(6): 571–589 Beckerleg, S. & G.L. Hundt, 2005. 'Women Heroin Users: Exploring the Limitations of the Structural Violence Approach', International Journal of Drug Policy 16(3): 183–190 * Kelly, B.D.. 2005. 'Structural Violence and Schizophrenia', Social Science and Medicine 61(3): 721–730 * Lane, S.D.; R.A. Rubinstein & R.H. Keefe et al., 2004. 'Structural Violence and Racial Disparity in HIV Transmission', Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved 15(3): 319–335 * Farmer, P et al., 2004. 'An Anthropology of Structural Violence', Current Anthropology 45(3): 305–325 Ellison, M.A., 2003. 'Authoritative Knowledge and Single Women's Unintentional pregnancies, abortions, adoptions, and single motherhood', Social Stigma and Structural Violence',Medical Anthropology Quarterly 17(3): 322–347 All articles in ISI Web of Science 2004–07 with 'structural violence' in the title (as of 4 April 2007) 30 articles in the same period cite Galtung (1969), none of them in major IR journals except JPR * Articles that cite Galtung (1969)

9. Traditional concept of security National security –the requirement to maintain the survival of the nation-state through the use of economic, military, and political power and the exercise of diplomacy – territorial integrity Zero-sum – security dilemma Definition from Wikipedia (downloaded 5 March 2007)

10. Common security Palme commission variable sum but still national security

11. Comprehensive security Life security - freedom from being killed in war, genocide, politicide, political violence, murder, etc. Political security - freedom from dictatorship and other arbitrary government and from violations of human rights Economic and social security - freedom from poverty and want Cultural security - freedom from ethnic, religious, or linguistic domination Environmental security - freedom from environmental destruction and resource scarcity Following Gleditsch (2001) and Buzan, Waever & de Wilde (1998). See also Westing (1989)

12. Human security - common ground: individually-oriented - narrow definition - wider definition

13. Definitions of human security Human Development Report (1994) HS is concerned with human life and dignity and it is people-centered. Threats to HS can be grouped into seven categories: economic, food, health, environment, personal, community, and political Human Security Report (Mack, 2005): The protection of individuals from violence of different kinds (war, genocide, terrorism, crime, etc.) Canadian Consortium on Human Security (2007): Human security is a people-centered approach to foreign policy which recognizes that lasting stability cannot be achieved until people are protected from violent threats to their rights, safety or lives … In contrast to national security, human security concerns itself with threats to the safety of the individual and society instead of simply limiting security studies to the defense of borders Japanese Government (1999) Human security comprehensively covers all the menaces that threaten human survival, daily life and dignity

14. An ambitious definition of human security King & Murray (2001–02): The number of years of future life spent outside a state of 'generalized poverty'. GP occurs when an individual falls below the threshold of any key domain of human well-being, i.e. domains worth risking one's life for (income, health, education, democracy, and political freedom) Great similarity with Galtung, but Galtung (or Høivik) not cited

15. References Buzan, Barry; Ole Waever & Jaap de Wilde, 1998. Security: A New Framework for Analysis. Boulder, CO & London: Lynne Rienner Canadian Consortium on Human Security, www.humansecurity.info/ (activities suspended 31 March 2007) Eide, Kjell, 1971. 'Note on Galtung's Concept of "Violence"', Journal of Peace Research 8(1): 71 Galtung, Johan, 1968. 'Peace', in David L. Sills, ed., International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. New York: Macmillan & Free Press (487–496) Galtung, Johan, 1969. 'Violence, Peace, and Peace Research' Journal of Peace Research 6(00): 000-000 Galtung, Johan & Tord Høivik, 1971. 'Structural and Direct Violence – Note on Operationalization', Journal of Peace Research 8(1): 73–76 Human Development Report, 1994. New Dimensions of Human Security. New York: United Nations Development Program. Høivik, Tord, 1977. 'Demography of Structural Violence', Journal of Peace Research 14(1): 59–73 King, Gary & Christopher J. L. Murray, 2001–02. ‘Rethinking Human Security’, Political Science Quarterly 116(4): 585–610 Köhler, Gernot & Norman Alcock, 1976. 'Empirical Table of Structural Violence', Journal of Peace Research 13(4): 343–356 Mack, Andrew, ed., 2005. Human Security Report 2005. War and Peace in the 21st Century. New York: Oxford University Press, for Human Security Centre, University of British Columbia, www.humansecurityreport.org. Paris, Roland, 2001. ‘Human Security. Paradigm Shift or Hot Air?’, International Security 26(2): 87–102 Schmid, Herman, 1968. ‘Peace Research and Politics’, Journal of Peace Research 5(3): 217–232 Westing, Arthur H., 1989. ‘The Environmental Component of Comprehensive Security’, Bulletin of Peace Proposals 20(2): 129–134