Migration and Industrialization

1. Migration and Industrialization Chpt 13-14 Pages 406-506

2. Chapter 13 Changes on Western Front • Native Americans and Culture on Great Plains • Believed land could not be owned • Discovery of Gold - Colorado – 1858 • 1850s changed policies/treaties over land

3. Indian Wars 1860s-1880s

4. Treaty of Fort Laramie • Sioux Indians agreed to live on reservations along Missouri River • Sitting Bull was never signed treaty • Gold Rush – Black Hills Mts • Clash b/w Indians and Colonel George Custer • Summer 1876 Custer’s Last Stand • a.k.a Battle of Little Big Horn • Sitting Bull surrender 1881

5. Assimilation and Dawes Act (1887) aimed at “Americanize” Native Americans • Took Indian land and divided into allotments for individual Indians • Impact – ended communal holding of property, which ensured all Indians a home and a place in the tribe • Indian land depleted to 150 million acres to 78 million acres

6. What was really devastating for Indians? • Dying off of the Buffalo • Source of food, clothing, shelter, and fuel • 1890 less than 1000

7. Battle of Wounded Knee 1890 • Sioux Indians were suffering starvation/disease • Ghost Dance performed in hope of revival • Sitting Bull (leader) • Custer’s old regiment, rounded up 350 Indians took them to Wounded Knee Creek in S.D. • Unknown shot fired, soldiers opened fire • Within minutes, 300 Indians slaughtered • This “ended” Indians wars….

8. Cattle Becomes Big Business • After the War, beef huge demand, as more moved into the cities; along with growth of RR from Texas to Midwest • Map on page 415 • Cattle Trails

9. Legends of the West • Buffalo Bill’s Wild West Show • Wild Bill • Calamity Jane • Annie Oakley • Sitting Bull

10. Settling of Great Plains • RR open the West • Union Pacific moved West and Central Pacific moved East – yes, it was a race! • Homestead Act • 160 acres free land to any citizen • 600,000 families took this offer • Only 10% of intended land of settlement was used way it was intended (corruption/poor management, difference in land quality)

11. Morrill Act (1862, 1890) • Gave federal land to states to help finance agricultural colleges • 1862, Iowa State Ag College and Model Farm eventually renamed to ISU • 1890, created colleges and universities intended for African Americans

12. Populist Movement • Problems for Farmers • Crops failing • Mortgage farms manage debt • Land was becoming scarce • Couldn’t make payments on loans • High shipping prices on RR (grain)

13. Farmers’ Alliance – sympathizers • Membership 4 million • Populism – “People’s Party”, movement of the people • Reform! Lift the burden of debt from farmers and other workers, bigger voice in gov’t • What did they want? (page 427)

14. Chapter 14 Industrial Age • Transcontinental Railroad • Union Pacific moved West (blue) • Central Pacific moved East (red)

15. Chapter 15-16 • Ellis and Angel Island • Melting Pot • Myth many returned to home land within 5 yrs • Chinese Exclusion Act • Suspended immigration from China for 10 yrs – became permanent in 1902 (repealed 1943)

16. Civil Service Reform • Replaced Spoils System “reward system” • Pendleton Civil Service Act replaced reward system and now based on merit –qualifications because • President Garfield Assassinated by angry office job seeker in 1881

17. Wright Brothers - 1903 • Kitty Hawk, NC

18. Changes Every Day Life • Mass production • Montgomery Ward opened – 1st catalog with 150 items • Sears and Roebuck Co. • Campbell's Soup, Nabisco, Coca-Cola • Woolworth and “five and dime” stores • 1903 First World Series game – baseball • Modern Boxing endorsed by Teddy Roosevelt • NY Coney Island Amusement Park

19. Booker T. Washington • He believed blacks should concentrate on economic self improvement rather than social equality and civil rights • Tuskegee University 1882 • Agricultural and Vocational training school in Alabama • W. E. B. Du Bois • He believed education was key to equality and voting rights

20. Jim Crow Laws • Poll Tax & Grandfather Clause • Tax to vote • Literacy Tests • Grandfather – could only vote if their father or grandfather had voted in the past • Majority southern states made it extremely difficult for blacks to vote • Plessy v. Ferguson 1896 • Legal Segregation • “Separate by Equal” clause

21. Chpt 17-18 • Progressive Movement • Prohibition – booze was the evil of society • Supported by Protestant churches • 18th Amendment - 1920 • Repealed by 21st Amendment in 1933

22. Women’s Movement • Susan B Anthony • Suffrage and 19thAmendment effective in 1920

23. President McKinley assassinated in 1901 by anarchist V.P. Teddy Roosevelt took over at age 42 • Roosevelt’s “Square Deal” • Approach to social problems, big business, and labor union • He distinguished b/w “good” and “bad” • Preferred regulating BIG BUSINESSES

24. Regulating Food and Drugs • Meat Inspection Act • Pure Food & Drug Act • Conservation Reform • Avid hunter himself • Set aside millions of acres as national forest lands • NAACP

25. President Taft (Republican) • Bull Moose Party • Teddy returned hunting trip Africa • Progressive Party became known as Bull Moose Party – Roosevelt “as strong as a bull moose” • Split in Republican party • Wilson clear WINNER – Democrat in office

26. President Wilson (1912-1921) • Imperialism • Stronger nations extend their economic, political, or military control over weaker territories • Hawaii (1959) • Interest since 1840s • Sugar plantations • Permission naval base at Pearl Harbor 1887 • Territory in 1898

27. Age of Imperialism • Raw materials – need to feed the factories • European Markets, Hawaii, and South/Central America • Feelings of racial and cultural superiority

28. Spanish American War 1989-1899 • Out interest in Cuba-colony of Spain • Yellow Journalism • Writing style exaggerates news to LURE and enrage readers • Kinda like tabloids today • U.S.S. Maine • Letter leaked to press, insulting President McKinley “weak” • American resentment towards Spain increased

29. In response • McKinley ordered U.S.S. Maine to Cuba to bring home American citizens in danger • 1898 – ship blew up in Havana’s harbor • 260 men killed • Congress declares WAR in April

30. Fighting actually began in Philippines – other side of the world • George Dewey • Fired upon every Spanish fleet and was victorious within in hours • Filipinos wanted freedom from Spain just like Cubans and were willing to fights along side Americans

31. Back in Cuba • American forces landed in Santiago, Cuba – June of 1898 • Rough Riders – volunteer cavalry under command of Teddy Roosevelt along with African American regiments • San Juan Hill – famous battle Teddy famous but played a minor role • Treaty of Paris – ended war in Dec. 1898

32. Results of War • Spain freed Cuba • Guam and Puerto Rico to U.S. as territories • Sold Philippines also • Many Americans uncertain of our annexation of these territories and role of the U.S.

33. Philippines gateway to Asia and it’s markets • Open Door Policy – no single nation would have a monopoly on trade with any part of China • Boxer Rebellion – group against America’s role “foreign devils” • McKinley, Roosevelt, & Wilson continue to exert its power around the globe

34. President Teddy Roosevelt • 1901 after McKinley’s assassination • Panama Canal (began 1904) • Bought construction “process” from French company for $40 million • Colombia ruled Panama – fighting broke out • U.S. paid Panama $10 million plus annual rent $250,000 Canal Zone • Open in 1914

35. Roosevelt Corollary • U.S. would use force to protect its economic interest in Latin America – this comes after Monroe Doctrine (early 1800s) • President Wilson gave a moral twist to it – “missionary diplomacy”

36. Results – turn of the Century • Expanded access to foreign markets ensure growth • Built modern navy • Exercised international police power to ensure dominance in Latin America