Industrialization and Development

1. Industrialization and Development Standard 6

2. Key Concepts in Industrialization and Development Objective A

3. Economic Sectors Primary Secondary Process the raw materials collected by primary industries, turning those materials into consumable products. Weaving is a secondary industry because it transforms cotton or wool fibers into textiles, which people can use. • Where people collect or harvest natural resources. Logging, fishing, hunting, and farming are all examples of primary industries.

4. Economic Sectors Tertiary Quaternary Involve executive decision-making jobs, higher education, and research. Anyone who wears a suit or a lab coat to work is probably in a quaternary or quinary industry. • These are the service industries, like restaurants and retail. • This can get confusing if one person raises sheep, weaves their wool into sweaters, and then sells those sweaters from a small store in town; not only is that person involved in primary, secondary, and tertiary industries, she's also probably exhausted from all of that hard work.

5. Specialization of a Place • Competitive Edge: Enjoyed by one place over another. • Lower production cost • Cheap land • Cheap labor • Cheaper raw material • Market to finished product

6. Comparative Advantage • Maquiladoras: Mexican factories on the US-Mexico Boarder • Advantage: • Mexico is eager to attract foreign capitaland create jobs at home • Mexico has made investment in having companies come to Mexico with Tax benefit and lax employment safety • Tariffs are low in Mexico • Workers are paid less and work more hours in Mexico

7. Apparel Production and Jobs in the United States

8. Transport and Communication • Without the ability to move goods economic development cannot occur. • Transportation and communication systems are specially designed • Railroads • Roads • Airports • TV stations • Telephone lines • Internet

9. Industrial Location • Location principles are all based around one key goal: minimize the price of production. • Least Cost Theory: businesses try to maximize profit by minimizing production costs. Finding a way to minimize these production costs depends heavily on where a particular facility is located.

10. Growth and Diffusion of Industrialization Objective B

11. Industrial Revolution • Started in 1800’s • Technology changed from Cottage Industries to high tech Machinery • Britain is the first place to Industrialize

12. Diffusion of the Industrial Revolution

13. Industrial Regions

14. Industrial Areas in Europe

15. Industrial Areas in North America

16. Energy and Technology • Britain, provided the perfect conditions—climate, resources, demand, and so forth—to foster innovation. (Coal, Waterways) • New Technology: Spinning Jenny, Steam Engine • Machines were cheaper and more durable, skilled labors were not needed

17. Diffusion of Economic Cores and Peripheries • Cores: center of economic activity • Peripheries: area on the boundary of the core • Core Periphery Model: one way to express the economic and developmental inequalities among the world's countries. • Diffusion of industrialization: France, Germany, parts of Eastern Europe, Russia, the United States • Colonies were not industrializing so that there was a demand for the industrial products

18. Core and Periphery Model

19. Situation Factors • Proximity to inputs • Bulk-reducing industries • Examples: • Copper • Steel

20. Situation Factors • Proximity to markets • Bulk-gaining industries • Examples: • Fabricated metals • Beverage production • Single-market manufacturers • Perishable products

21. Cotton Yarn Production

22. Production of Women’s Blouses

23. Roster’s Stages of Economic Development • Traditional Society: • subsistent, agricultural based economy, with intensive labor and low levels of trading, and a population that does not have a scientific perspective on the world and technology. • Preconditions in Take-off: • society begins to develop manufacturing, and a more national/international, as opposed to regional, outlook. • Take-off: • short period of intensive growth, in which industrialization begins to occur, and workers and institutions become concentrated around a new industry. • Drive to Maturity: • This stage takes place over a long period of time, as standards of living rise, use of technology increases, and the national economy grows and diversifies. • Age of high mass consumption: • a country's economy flourishes in a capitalist system, characterized by mass production and consumerism.

24. Contemporary Patterns and Impacts of Industrialization and Diffusion Objective C

25. Spatial Organization of the World Economy • Time-Space Compression: set of processes that cause the relative distances between places (i.e., as measured in terms of travel time or cost) to contract, effectively making such places grow “closer.” • World Trade Organization: only global international organization dealing with the rules of trade between nations. At its heart are the WTO agreements, negotiated and signed by the bulk of the world’s trading nations and ratified in their parliaments. The goal is to help producers of goods and services, exporters, and importers conduct their business. • World Bank: is a United Nations international financial institution that provides loans to developing countries for capital programs. The World Bank is a component of the World Bank Group, and a member of the United Nations Development Group

26. Global Production

27. Levels of Development • Human Development Index: Indicator of level of development for each country, constructed by the UN, combing income, literacy, education, and life expectancy. • Gross Domestic Product: is the value of the total output of goods and services produced IN a country during a year. • Literacy Rate: The percentage of a country’s people who can read and write

28. Human Development Index

29. Levels of Development • Gender-Related Development Index: compares level of development of women with that of both sexes. • Gender Empowerment Measure: Compares that ability of women and men to participate in economic and political decision making. • Less Developed Country: A country that is at a relatively early stag in the process of economic development. • More Developed Country: A country that has progressed relatively far along a continuum of development.

30. More and Less Developed Regions

31. Gender-Related Development Index

32. Demographic Indicator of Gender Difference: Life Expectancy

33. Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM)

34. Economic Indicator of Empowerment: Professionals

35. Deindustrialization • When a former booming area ceases to become an industrial sector. • All this happened at a time when the nation as a whole was becoming wealthier and more developed. • Note that regional trends often seem contradictory in the face of the bigger picture. Because different regions specialize in different industries, however, it makes sense that changes hit some communities harder than others.

36. Environmental Effect • The air and water pollution that first began with the Industrial Revolution continues today, and it affects the health and livelihoods of billions of people. • Environmental degradation associated with industrialization includes greenhouse gas emissions, increased amounts of garbage, and toxic waste dumping • Negatively affect quality of life by polluting water supplies and making air smoggy. • Climate change also reduces agricultural yield in certain areas and creates new patterns of floods and droughts • Both industrialized and industrializing countries grapple with the issue of alleviating the effects of environmental degradation without crippling human activities

37. Industrialization and Sustainability • Sustainability isn't only about minimizing damage to the environment. It's about developing conscientiously without depleting natural resources and degrading the biosphere. • Cap-and-trade programs would punish countries that emit more greenhouse gases than they are allowed • Renewable resources like wind and water energy, which require prohibitively expensive investments

38. Progress Toward Development

39. Triumph of International Trade Approach

40. Foreign Direct Investment

41. Government Policies • Examples of government or state actions designed to create a productive environment for economic accumulation, also called regulation, are common. • General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs (GATT) help define global trade regulations • Governments provide development assistance bilaterally or through international agencies like the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank, and regional agencies like the Asian Development Bank and the Inter American Development Bank. • Strategies to attract and maintain investments include the reduction of trade tariffs to promote the free movement of goods, capital, and in some cases labor across national borders