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FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

This article reviews the components of the female reproductive system, characterizes the organization of the ovaries, and explains the hormonal regulation of oogenesis, ovulation, and the uterine cycle. It also identifies the histology of the reproductive tract.

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FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

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  1. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

  2. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM  TO REVIEW THE COMPONENTS OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM  TO CHARACTERIZE THE GENERAL ORGANIZATION OF THE OVARIES  TO UNDERSTAND THE HORMONAL REGULATION OF OOGENESIS, OVULATION, AND THE UTERINE CYCLE  TO IDENTIFY THE HISTOLOGY OF THE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT

  3. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM  OVARIES  OVIDUCT (UTERINE TUBES)  UTERUS  VAGINA

  4. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM  OVIDUCT (UTERINE TUBES) INFUNDIBULUM, AMPULLA, ISTHMUS, UTERINE  UTERUS FUNDUS, BODY (CORPUS), CERVIX

  5. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM  OVARY GERMINAL EPITHELIUM TUNICA ALBUGINEA - thin connective tissue capsule underlying germinal epithelium CORTEX - surrounds the medulla and contains maturing follicles MEDULLA - central connective tissue containing vascular supply and nervous innervation

  6. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM  OVARY 3 to 5 million OOGONIA differentiate into PRIMARY OOCYTES during early development OOCYTES becomes surrounded by squamous (follicular) cells to become PRIMORDIAL FOLLICLES most PRIMORDIAL FOLLICLES undergo atresia leaving 400,000 at birth oocytes at birth arrested at Meiosis I (prophase)

  7. OOGENESIS FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM  OVARY THREE STAGES OF OVARIAN FOLLICLES CAN BE IDENTIFIED FOLLOWING PUBERTY: (each follicle contains one oocyte) (1) PRIMORDIAL FOLLICLES - very prevalent; located in the periphery of the cortex - a single layer of squamous follicular cells surround the oocyte (2) GROWING FOLLICLES - three recognizable stages: (a) early primary follicle (b) late primary follicle (c) secondary (antral) follicle (3) MATURE (GRAAFIAN) FOLLICLES - follicle reaches maximum size

  8. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM  OVARIAN FOLLICLES (1) PRIMORDIAL FOLLICLES (2) GROWING FOLLICLES (a) early primary follicle - follicular cells still unilaminar but now are cuboidal in appearance - oocyte begins to enlarge (b) late primary follicle - multilaminar follicular layer; cells now termed granulosa cells - zona pellucida appears; gel-like substance rich in GAGs - surrounding stromal cells differentiate into theca interna and theca externa (b) secondary (antral) follicle - cavities appear between granulosa cells forming an antrum - follicle continues to grow - formation of cumulus oophorus and corona radiata (3) MATURE (GRAAFIAN) FOLLICLES

  9. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM  OVARIAN FOLLICLES late primary follicle

  10. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM  OVARIAN FOLLICLES GRANULOSA (FOLLICULAR) CELLS OOCYTE ZONA PELLUCIDA

  11. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM  OVARY CORTEX MEDULLA CORPUS LUTEUM

  12. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM  OVARY CORTEX TUNICA ALBUGINEA GERMINAL EPITHELIUM PRIMORDIAL FOLLICLES

  13. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM  OVARY TUNICA ALBUGINEA GERMINAL EPITHELIUM

  14. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM  OVARY OVARY H&E PRIMORDIAL FOLLICLES EARLY 1º

  15. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM  OVARY  OVARY OVARY H&E CORPUS ALBICANS EARLY PRIMARY FOLLICLES PRIMORDIAL FOLLICLE

  16. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM  OVARY LATE PRIMARY FOLLICLE multilaminar

  17. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM  OVARY MATURE (GRAAFIAN) FOLLICLE zona pellucida cumulus oophorus corona radiata theca interna and externa theca interna cells begin to produce androgens that are converted to estrogens

  18. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM  HORMONAL REGULATION OF OOGENSIS AND OVULATION HYPOTHALAMUS release of GnRF which stimulates release of LH and FSH from the adenohypophysis (ANTERIOR PITUITARY)

  19. 10-20 primordial follicles begin to develop in response to FSH and LH levels theca and granulosa cells transform into the corpus luteum and secrete large amounts of progesterone FSH and LH stimulate theca and granulosa production of estrogen and progesterone if fertilization does not occur, corpus luteum degenerates ... if fertilization does occur, HCG released from the embryo maintains corpus luteum surge of LH induces ovulation FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM  HORMONAL REGULATION OF OOGENSIS AND OVULATION OVULATION FOLLICULAR PHASE LUTEAL PHASE

  20. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM  HORMONAL REGULATION OF OOGENSIS AND OVULATION OVULATION: sharp surge in LH with simulataneous increase in FSH Meiosis I resumes; oocyte and surrounding cumulus break away and are extruded oocyte passes into oviduct ECTOPIC IMPLANTATIONS

  21. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM  CORPUS LUTEUM FORMED FROM FOLLICLE WALL WHICH REMAINS FOLLOWING OVULATION TRANSFORMED CELLS SECRETE ESTROGENS AND PROGESTERONE: (1) GRANULOSA LUTEIN CELLS - large, light cells derived from granulosa cells (2) THECA LUTEIN CELLS - strands of small cells derived from theca interna

  22. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM  CORPUS LUTEUM (1) GRANULOSA LUTEIN CELLS CORPUS LUTEUM H&E (2) THECA LUTEIN CELLS (1) (2)

  23. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM  OVIDUCT TRANSMITS OVA FROM OVARY TO UTERUS MEIOSIS II IN PROGRESS AND ULTIMATELY ARRESTS UNLESS FERTILIZED SITE OF FERTILIZATION MUCOSA EPITHELIUM AND LAMINA PROPRIA MUSCULARIS INNER CIRCULAR; OUTER LONGITUDINAL INCREASES AS APPROACH UTERUS SEROSA

  24. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM  OVIDUCT SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM TWO CELL TYPES: (1) CILIATED (2) PEG CELLS (NONCILIATED)

  25. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM  UTERUS PERIMETRIUM, MYOMETRIUM, ENDOMETRIUM

  26. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM  UTERUS ENDOMETRIUM undergoes cyclic changes which prepare it for implantation of a fertilized ovum TWO LAYERS: (1) FUNCTIONAL LAYER (stratum functionalis) - BORDERS UTERINE LUMEN - SLOUGHED OFF AT MENSTRATION - CONTAINS UTERINE GLANDS (2) BASAL LAYER (stratum basale) - RETAINED AT MENSTRATION - SOURCE OF CELLS FOR REGENERATION OF FUNCTIONAL LAYER STRAIGHT AND SPIRAL ARTERIES

  27. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM  HORMONAL REGULATION OF UTERINE CYCLE (1) PROLIFERATIVE PHASE concurrent with follicular maturation and influenced by estrogens (2) SECRETORY PHASE concurrent with luteal phase and influenced by progesterone (3) MENSTRUAL PHASE commences as hormone production by corpus luteum declines

  28. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM  UTERUS PROLIFERATIVE PHASE cells in basal layer begin to proliferate to regenerate functional layer spiral arteries begin to lengthen and revascularize developing layer functional layer becomes thicker than basal layer during late proliferative phase developing uterine glands are tubular in arrangement

  29. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM  UTERUS PROLIFERATIVE PHASE tubular uterine glands simple columnar lining

  30. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM  UTERUS PROLIFERATIVE PHASE UTERUS H&E PROLIFERATIVE PHASE tubular uterine glands simple columnar lining UTERINE GLANDS

  31. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM  UTERUS SECRETORY PHASE functional layer thickens glands become coiled and accumulate large quantities of secretory product

  32. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM  UTERUS UTERUS H&E SECRETORY PHASE SECRETORY PHASE functional layer thickens glands coiled COILED UTERINE GLANDS

  33. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM  UTERUS SECRETORY PHASE functional layer thickens glands become coiled and accumulate large quantities of secretory product

  34. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM  VAGINA MUCOSA STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM LAMINA PROPRIA ---------------- no glands ---------------- MUSCULARIS INNER CIRCULAR OUTER LONGITUDINAL ADVENTITIA

  35. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM  LABIA MINORUM LABIA MINORUM H&E

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