3.Community diagnose

1. COMMUNITY DIAGNOSIS COMMUNITY DIAGNOSIS Complied by-Mohammed.A 1

2. What is community diagnosis? • According to WHO definition, it is “a quantitative and qualitative description of the health of citizens and the factors which influence their health. • It identifies problems, proposes areas for improvement and stimulates action. 2

3. Cont.…………….. • Community diagnosis generally refers to the identification and quantification of health problems in a community as a whole in terms of mortality, morbidity rates and ratios, and identification of their association for the purpose of defining those at risk or those in need of health care. 3

4. Type of community diagnosis • Comprehensive community diagnosis – Aims to obtain general information about the community • Problem oriented community diagnosis – Responds to a particular need 4

5. Goal of community diagnosis – To Analyze the health status of the community – To evaluate the health resources, services, and systems of care within the community – To assess attitudes toward community health services and issues – To identify priorities, establish goals, and improve the health status of the community 5

6. Cont.…….goal community Dx… • To identify major health problems • To understand the morbidity and mortality pattern in community • To look for community resources 6

7. Stages of community diagnosis • The process of community diagnosis involves four stages: 1. Initiation 2. Data collection 3. Data analysis 3. Diagnosis 4. Dissemination 7

8. 1. Initiation • Establishing dedicated committee (working group) to manage and coordinate the project • The committee should involve relevant group such as government departments, health professionals and non- governmental organizations. • The available budget and resources to determine the scope of the diagnosis. • Once the scope is defined, a working schedule to conduct the community diagnosis should be set. 8

9. 2. Data collection • The project should collect both quantitative and qualitative data on: – Socio demographic – Infrastructure – Public security • Data can be collected by conducting surveys through self-administered questionnaires, face to face interviews, focus groups and telephone interviews. 9

10. Cont.…………,,, • In order to ensure reliability of the findings, an experienced organization such as an academic institute can be employed for conducting the study. • The sampling method should be carefully designed and the sample size should be large enough to provide sufficient data to draw reliable conclusions. 10

11. Cont.……data collection… • Collected data can be analyzed and interpreted by experts. • Here are some practical tips on data analysis and presentation: • Statistical information is best presented as rates or ratios for comparison • The data can be compared with other districts or the whole population • Graphical presentation is preferred for easy understanding 11

12. 3.Diagnosis • Diagnosis of the community is reached from conclusions drawn from the data analysis. • It should preferably comprise three areas: – Health status of the community – Determinants of health in the community – Potential for healthy community development (recommendation) 12

13. 4. Dissemination • The production of the community diagnosis report is not an end by itself, efforts should be put into communication to ensure that targeted actions are taken. • The target audience for the community diagnosis includes policy-makers, health professionals and the general public in the community. 13

14. Cont.….dissemination • The report can be disseminated through- Presentations at meetings or forums organized for voluntary organizations, local community groups and the general public • Press release 14

15. Tool for Community diagnosis Health Indicators; Indicators of health are variables used for the assessment of community health. 15

16. Characteristics of Indicators • Valid- should actually measure what they are supposed to measure • Reliable-the answers should be the same if measured by different people in similar circumstances • Sensitive-should be sensitive to changes in the situation concerned 16

17. Cont.……Indicators … • Specific-they should reflect changes only in the situation concerned. • Feasible-should have the ability to obtain data needed. • Relevant-should contribute to the understanding of the phenomenon of interest. 17

18. Classification of health Indicators • Mental health Indicators • Mortality indicators • Environmental indicators • Morbidity indicators • SES indicators • Disability indicators • Health policy indicators • Nutritional status indicators • Indicators of quality of life • Health care delivery • Other indicators indicators • Utilization rates 18

19. Mortality indicators • Crude death rates – Specific death rates:age/cause – Expectation of life – Infant mortality rate – Maternal mortality rate – Case Fatality rate 19

20. Morbidity indicators • Data on morbidity are preferable, although often difficult to obtain – Incidence and prevalence – Attendance rates:out-patient clinics – Admission and discharge rates – Hospital stay duration rates – Secondary attack 20

21. Nutritional Status Indicators – It is an indicator of positive health – Anthropometrics measurements – Height of children at school entry – Prevalence of low birth weight – Clinical surveys-Anemia(>40%),night blindness(>5%) Health care delivery indicators – Doctor or nurse/population ratio – Population/per health center or hospital 21

22. Health care utilization indicators • Proportion of people in need of service • Proportion of infants who are fully immunized • Proportion of pregnant women who receive ANC • Hospital-Beds occupancy rate. 22

23. Indicators of social and mental health – Suicide & Homicide rates – Road traffic accidents – Alcohol and drug abuse. Environmental health Indicators • Measure quality of environment – The proportion of people having access to safe water and sanitation facilities – Vectors density 23

24. Socio-economic Indicators Is not a direct measure of health status. • Rate of population growth • Level of unemployment • Literacy rates (females) • Family size • Housing condition • 24

25. Health Policy Indicators • Proportion of gross national product(GNP) spent on health services. • Proportion of total health resources devoted to primary health care 25

26. Any question THANKS 26