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Forensic facial reconstruction is a combination of both scientific methods and artistic skill. It can be used to reconstruct the soft tissues onto the skull in order to obtain the image of an individual for his/her recognition and identification
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Forensic facial reconstruction :*Forensic facial reconstruction is also known as forensic facial approximation .*A technique used to aid in building an “alive” face out of skeleton remains of an unknown identify and reproduction of facial features is based upon the soft tissue thickness over the underlying bony structure of the skull , for the purpose of identifying an unknown person .
History : * First facial reconstruction was done by a German anatomist Wilhelm in 1885.* Welcker , a German physiologist and anatomist first of all used anthropometrical landmarks on the face and measured the depth of penetration . This is called as “Welcker facial reconstruction technique “.* In 1946 , Wilton mariakrogman defined five basic principles to modify the methods of reconstruction of soft tissue of the face.
Five basic principles are:1. relation to the eyeball to orbit .2. shape of the nose tip . 3. ear location . 4. Mouth width.5. ear length .
Facial reconstruction technique : * The reconstruction technique can be divide into two types ;1. 2-Dimesional technique .2. 3-Dimesional technique .
2-Dimensional facial reconstruction :* It is used when the human skeletal or the face has so much damage that it is impossible to identify .*It is used to recreate a face from the skull with the use of soft tissue depth estimates .This method was first developed by Karen Taylor .* Taylor’s method involve adhering tissue depth marker on an unidentified skull at various anthropological landmarks , then photographing the skull.
Software for 2 D facial reconstruction :* Various computer software programs are used now a days , which can quickly provide 2D construction and can be edited and manipulated . The software programs are –1. CARES( Computer Assisted Recovery Enhancement System ).2. FACES (Forensic Anthropology Computer Enhancement system ).
2. 3 Dimensional facial reconstruction :3-D facial reconstruction is divided into two parts –1. Manual Method *Anthropometrical method /tissue depth method .*Anatomical Russian method . * Combination Manchester /British method.2. Computerized method .
Manual method :*Facial reconstruction is done by using clay , plastic or wax victim’s skull or skull which has to be identified .* It requires the use of the tissue depth markers of specified length to represents different soft tissue depth . * These markers are inserted into small holes on the skull cast at specific landmarks .
Anthropometrical American :* Also known as ‘Tissue depth method ‘.* It was developed by Dr. Wilton krogman in 1946.*Mostly used by law enforcement agencies for the development of the previously unidentified body .
Anatomical Russian method : * This method was developed by Russian anthropologist ,Mikhail M . Gerasimov in 1971 .* Facial muscle were used in anatomical position .* In this method, reconstruction was done by shaping muscle ,glands and cartilage onto the skull layer by layer .* The skull gives information about the origin and insertion of the facial muscle or where the muscle begin and end .
Combination of Manchester method :* It was developed by Neave in 1977.* This technique uses all the skeletal details of the skull to establish facial details and forms and relies on the tissue thickness as a guide to soft tissue depth . * It is a worldwide accepted and mist accurate technique of facial reconstruction .
2. Computerized 3D method :*This technology is fast , efficient and cost effective . * The advantages of the computerized method over the manually clay reconstruction and speed , rapid editing , production of image can be stored .
Software for computerized 3-D method :*Some computerized system used 3-d animation software to model a face onto the skull . *E-Fit tm is a “Facial composite software “ which enables a trained operator to procedure an accurate “ type-likeness “ of a criminal suspect based upon witness ‘s description of the facial appearance .
Conclusion : * Forensic facial reconstruction is a rapid , non –invasive and efficient method where reconstruction can be repeated at any time if required . * This technique is not only used for identification of individuals from skeletal remains but is also used for archaeological research purpose .
