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ZOOLOGY

This comprehensive introduction to zoology explores the fundamental properties of living systems, including chemical uniqueness, hierarchical organization, reproduction types, and genetic programming. It also covers metabolism, growth and development, and environmental interactions. Furthermore, the course delves into Darwin's groundbreaking theory of evolution, discussing concepts such as perpetual change, common descent, speciation, gradualism, and natural selection. Students will gain insights into animal classification and the interconnectedness of life on Earth.

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ZOOLOGY

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  1. ZOOLOGY BIO 141 Dr. Sumithran

  2. http://people.eku.edu/sumithrans/Zoo/Home.html

  3. Introduction • What is life?

  4. Introduction • Difficult to define • Therefore discuss properties of living systems

  5. Properties of Living Systems • 1) Chemical Uniqueness • Made up of large molecules • MACROMOLECULES • Four categories • Nucleic Acids • Proteins • Carbohydrates • Lipids

  6. Properties of Living Systems • 2) Complexity and Hierarchical Organization • One level builds on previous level • Macromolecules • Cells • Tissue • Organs • Organ system etc • Emergent Characteristics – • Unique characteristics that appear at a given level of organization

  7. Properties of Living Systems • 3) Reproduction • Replacement of individuals in a population • Types of Reproduction • Asexual • Sexual

  8. Properties of Living Systems • 4) Possession of a Genetic Program • Faithful transmission of traits – Heredity • Information contained in Genes • Specifically encoded in the DNA

  9. Properties of Living Systems • 5) Metabolism • Complex chemical processes that go on in cells – provide energy • Two processes • Anabolism – Building up reactions • Catabolism – Breaking down reactions

  10. Properties of Living Systems • 6) Growth / Development • Changes that take place during the life of an organism • Metamorphosis – The transformation that take place in post-embryonic stages

  11. Properties of Living Systems • 7) Environmental Interaction • Ecology – Study of interactions between organisms and their environment • Organisms responding to stimuli from environment • IRRITABILITY

  12. IMPORTANT BIOLOGICAL CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES

  13. DARWIN’S THEORY OF EVOLUTION

  14. Charles Darwin • Galapagos Islands • 1859 – Published “The Origin of Species” • Major obstacle – Heredity not understood • 5 major theories

  15. DARWIN’S THEORY OF EVOLUTION • 1) Perpetual Change • Living world is neither constant nor cyclic instead is constantly changing • Fossil Evidence • 99% of species that once lived on the planet now extinct

  16. DARWIN’S THEORY OF EVOLUTION • 2) Common Descent • All forms of life descended from a common ancestor through branching lineages • PHYLOGENY • DNA studies – Provide evidence

  17. DARWIN’S THEORY OF EVOLUTION • 3) Multiplication of Species • new species are produced by the splitting and transformation of older ones • Process known as – Speciation

  18. DARWIN’S THEORY OF EVOLUTION • 4) Gradualism • Large differences that characterize different species, originate through the accumulation of small changes over a period of time • Did not take place overnight – but over geological time

  19. DARWIN’S THEORY OF EVOLUTION • 5) Natural Selection • Explains why organisms are constructed the way they are • To meet the demands of their environment

  20. CLASSIFICATION • Developed by Linnaeus

  21. Categories of Animal Classification • Kingdom - Animalia • Phylum - Chordata • Class - Mammalia • Order - Primates • Family - Hominidae • Genus - Homo • Species - sapiens

  22. The End

  23. Write on Cards • Name • Year in school • Major, Minor, Emphasis • Why are you taking this course? • Name one thing you would like to learn about in this course • Career goals… • Hobbies, interests, anything cool!!!

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