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Stress

Stress. Prepared By: Dr. Vijay Kumar. What is Stress?. Stress is a negative emotional experience accompanied by predictable changes in…. Coping. Appraisal. Stress. Stressor. Outcome. The Process of Stress. Appraisal of Stressors. Stressor. High Stress.

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Stress

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  1. Stress Prepared By: Dr. Vijay Kumar

  2. What is Stress? Stress is a negative emotional experienceaccompanied by predictable changes in…

  3. Coping Appraisal Stress Stressor Outcome The Process of Stress

  4. Appraisal of Stressors • Stressor High Stress See stressor as a threat Stress See stressor as a challenge Low Stress

  5. Stress: Theories & Models • Hans Selye (1956) defined stress as “ the non- specific result of any demand upon the body, be the effect mental or somatic” • He developed a theory about how stress produces illness:

  6. G. A. S. General Adaptation Syndrome

  7. The following assumptions are foundational to the general adaptation syndrome theory: 1. Any demand, positive or negative, can provoke the stress response. 2. Stress response is characterized by the same chain of events and pattern of physiological correlates regardless of the stressor or stimulus that provoked it. 3. Theory de-emphasizes differences among stimuli and organisms. 4. Theory presumes adaptive resources are genetically determined and finite.

  8. General Adaptation Syndrome Stressor ...a demand placed on the body that requires adjustment and brings about the stress reaction. G. A. S. Three Stages: 1. Alarm 2. Resistance 3. Exhaustion Healthy Adaptation or Illness

  9. General Adaptation Syndrome Alarm When the body first reacts to a stressor, the sympathetic nervous system is activated. Resistance Enhanced ability to fight stressor via moderate physiological arousal; ability to withstand additional stressors (e.g., infection) is reduced. Exhaustion When the body’s resources are gone, resistance ends, the Para-sympathetic division activates, and exhaustion occurs. Exhaustion can lead to the formation of stress-related diseases and disorders (e.g., chronically high heart rate and blood pressure increase chances of heart attack and stroke).

  10. Alarm Reaction • Muscles tense • Heart beats faster • The breathing and perspiration increases • The eyes dilate • The stomach may clench

  11. Resistance Or Adaptation • Fatigue • Irritability and lethargy

  12. Exhaustion • Decreased stress tolerance • Progressive mental and physical exhaustion

  13. Severe Exhaustion Stage • Chronic sadness or depression • Chronic mental and physical fatigue • Chronic stress related illnesses (headache, stomach ache, etc.) • Isolation, withdrawal, self-destructive thoughts

  14. Diagram of the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) Model

  15. Theoretical Contributions:Criticisms of Selye’s Model •Stress has too many ambiguous meanings Stress is an abstraction—it has no real independent existence Limited role given to psychological factors Another problem for GAS is that cognitive appraisal is not taken account of. • Not all responses to stress are uniform • Stress is assessed as an outcome

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