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PHYSICAL DIAGNOSIS EXAMINING THE GI SYSTEM

HISTORY - GETTING THE FACTS. General nutrition/appetiteSwallowing/esophagusUpper GI/stomachDigestion/intestinalElimination/colon. GENERAL NUTRITION. Stability of weightAppetiteExcessiveDecreasedMechanical problemEarly satietyDepression. SWALLOWING/ESOPHAGUS - SYMPTOMS. DysphagiaPolyphagiaOdynophagia.

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PHYSICAL DIAGNOSIS EXAMINING THE GI SYSTEM

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    1. PHYSICAL DIAGNOSIS EXAMINING THE GI SYSTEM Stephen J. Goldberg, M. D. Phone: 513.686.5444

    2. HISTORY - GETTING THE FACTS General nutrition/appetite Swallowing/esophagus Upper GI/stomach Digestion/intestinal Elimination/colon

    3. GENERAL NUTRITION Stability of weight Appetite Excessive Decreased Mechanical problem Early satiety Depression

    4. SWALLOWING/ESOPHAGUS - SYMPTOMS Dysphagia Polyphagia Odynophagia

    5. DYSPHAGIA - any difficulty in swallowing Anatomical localization? Solids vs liquids vs everything Intermittent vs continuous Associated weight loss? Appetite?

    6. POLYPHAGIA - excessive eating; gluttony Associated weight changes? Uncontrolled diabetes Malabsorption Psychological problem

    7. ODYNOPHAGIA - painful swallowing Anatomical localization? Intermittent vs continuous Associated problems Immunosuppressed Weight loss

    8. UPPER GI/STOMACH - symptoms Anorexia Nausea Emesis Hematemesis Heartburn

    9. ANOREXIA - loss of appetite Subjective symptom; look for objective findings Duration Weight loss? Continuous vs intermittent

    10. NAUSEA - inclination to vomit Means different things to different people “Sick to stomach” Subjective symptom; cannot be measured Objective consequences? Weight loss Means of relief

    11. EMESIS - vomiting Nature of material Quantity of material Preceding nausea Precipitating cause Frequency Consequences?

    12. HEMATEMESIS - vomiting blood Visible blood vs coffee-grind material Implies potentially serious problem Bleeding peptic ulcer Gastritis Esophagitis Esophageal tear Neoplasm Bleeding esophageal varices ?Antecedent events

    13. HEARTBURN - substernal burning; pyrosis Due to gastro-esophageal acid reflux Means different things to different people Objective measures Precipitating factors Mode of relief

    14. DIGESTION/INTESTINAL - symptoms Indigestion/Dyspepsia Belching/Eructation Borgborygmi Bloating/Gas/Flatulence/Distension Colic Steatorrhea

    15. INDIGESTION/DYSPEPSIA Means different things to different people INDIGESTION - failure to ?digest food properly DYSPEPSIA - failure of ?stomach to ?digest food properly Usually non-specific symptoms Obtain precipitating factors ?Mode of relief

    16. BELCHING/ERUCTATION Speaks for itself? Forceful passage of gas from stomach thru esophagus Does it signify disease or good health? ?Gastroesophageal reflux Rapid eating/swallowing air Deliberate vs involuntary ?a compliment to the chef? Not to be confused with BURPING (burp = passive verb)

    17. BORBORYGMI - audible bowel sounds Rumbling or gurgling of intestinal contents ?Significance

    18. BLOATING/GAS/FLATULENCE/DISTENSION Subjective vs objective symptoms Depends on where the gas is and what it’s doing May be a sign of disease Malabsorption Bacterial overgrowth Obstruction May be innocuous Irritable bowel syndrome Overeating

    19. COLIC - spasmodic abdominal pain Crescendo/decrescendo pattern Visceral origin May be anatomical or functional in origin ANATOMICAL = obstruction FUNCTION = erratic peristalsis

    20. STEATORRHEA - passage of fatty stools Difficult to document or quantify by history May indicate fat malabsorption Stools do not have to be loose to have increased fat

    21. ELIMINATION/COLON - symptoms Diarrhea Constipation Scybyla Hematochezia Melena Tenesmus Hemorrhoids

    22. DIARRHEA - stool with increased liquid content May be increased in frequency May represent disease (increased secretion) May represent pharmacologic effect (osmotic action) May represent rapid peristalsis and inefficient fluid regulation (irritable bowel syndrome) IS IT A CHANGE? IS IT ASSOCIATED WITH ANYTHING BAD?

    23. CONSTIPATION - having stool which is difficult to pass May be decreased in frequency May be harder (drier) than expected May be smaller than expected May be associated with discomfort from any of the above Usually markedly decreased water content IS IT A CHANGE? IS IT ASSOCIATED WITH ANYTHING BAD?

    24. SCYBALA - small, hard, round masses of stool Handy medical term with little significance

    25. HEMATOCHEZIA - passage of stool with fresh blood Blood is visible, not occult Explanation is mandatory Most commonly from hemorrhoids Most frequently associated with constipation May be an early sign of colon cancer

    26. MELENA - passage of stool which is black from digested blood Characteristic color and odor Signifies digested blood from UGI origin Signifies a significant blood loss

    27. TENSEMUS - rectal pain Suggests proctitis Infection Inflammatory bowel disease May be due to spasm (irritable bowel syndrome)

    28. HEMORRHOIDS - anal varicosities Also known as “piles” “Internal” Not palpable Bleed May prolapse Usually no discomfort “External” Visible Painful at times

    29. EVALUATING GI SYMPTOMS-1 Precipitating factors Relation to meals Time of day Position ?Predictability ?Explainable on a physiologic basis Localization LLQ-->sigmoid,gyn RLQ-->terminal ileum, gyn, appendix, sigmoid? LUQ-->splenic flexure, ?pancreas Epigastric--> stomach, pancreas RUQ-->liver, gall bladder, duodenum

    30. EVALUATING GI SYMPTOMS-2 Symptom duration Continuous--> pancreatitis? Post-prandial--> mal-digestion? acid? obstruction? Wax/wane--> visceral? Symptom relief Eating --> acid neutralization Position - ->sedation, pancreatitis? Passage of flatus --> colonic distension? Bowel movement--> colonic distension? ? peristalsis?

    31. ADDITIONAL HISTORICAL INFORMATION Weight loss? Family history Carcinoma Peptic ulcer disease Gallstones Inflammatory bowel disease Cirrhosis Abdominal surgery Travel history Military history Lifestyle Alcohol Substance abuse Sexually transmitted diseases (STD) Medications Uses Adverse effects

    32. PHYSICAL EXAM 1 TERMS Striae - stripe or line in skin distinguished by color or texture Scaphoid - concave Tympany- resonant sound Bruit - “abnormal vascular sound heard on auscultation” TERMS Fissure - break or slit in tissue Fistula - abnormal passage between two organs or structures, permitting passage of fluids or secretions

    33. PHYSICAL EXAM 2 The Basics LANDMARKS Costal margin Xiphoid process Pubic tubercle Inguinal ligament Anterior superior iliac spine Iliac crest Umbilicus LANDMARKS Quadrants RUQ, LUQ RLQ, LLQ Ninths Epigastrium (2) Peri-umbilical (5) Hypogastrium (8) SEQUENCE Inspection ? Auscultation ? Percussion ? Palpation

    34. PHYSICAL EXAM 2 Prerequisites for examination Patient should have empty bladder Patient should be supine Examiner should be to right of patient Examiner should be prepared to explain each step of examination Examiner should be watching patient for signs of discomfort

    35. PHYSICAL EXAM 3 INSPECTION SYMMETRY CONTOUR Flat Scaphoid Protuberant SKIN MASSES PULSATIONS, PERISTALSIS

    36. PHYSICAL EXAM 4 AUSCULTATION Bowel sounds ?Normal, ?Increased, ?Decreased, ?Absent Bruits Renal Hepatic Iliac Femoral

    37. PHYSICAL EXAM 5 PERCUSSION Liver span – percuss downward from chest, upward from abdomen Normal span 6-12 cm Stomach, bowel gas Masses Ascites Spleen?

    38. ASCITES Intraperitoneal fluid Fluid wave Ballottment Contour Shifting dullness Percuss abdomen to outline dullness/tympany Have patient roll away from you Percuss again to outline dullness/tympany If dullness has shifted to areas of prior tympany, ascites may be present

    39. PHYSICAL EXAM 6 PALPATION Liver Spleen Tenderness/rebound Sigmoid ?Cecum ?Aorta ?Kidney ?Gall bladder

    40. PALPATING THE LIVER Standard method Stand facing patient and place fingers below right costal margin and press firmly Have patient take a deep breath Alternate method Stand beside patient’s chest and hook fingers just below right costal margin Have patient take a deep breath NORMAL LIVER SPAN = 6-12 CM AT RIGHT MID-CLAVICULAR LINE

    41. PALPATING THE SPLEEN The patient lies in the supine position The examiner uses left hand to lift left lower rib cage The examiner exerts pressure with right hand just below left costal margin The patient takes a deep breath THE SPLEEN IS NOT NORMALLY PALABLE IN ADULTS

    42. REBOUND TENDERNESS Detects peritoneal irritation Examiner presses deeply on abdomen Examiner quickly releases pressure after a moment If sudden release of examining hand ? pain, then rebound tenderness is present ? peritoneal irritation

    43. PALPABLE GALL BLADDER? Courvoisier’s sign Palpable gall bladder, no jaundice ==> cystic duct stone Palpable gall bladder, jaundice ==> carcinoma Non-palpable gall bladder, jaundice ==> common duct stone(s)

    44. MANIFESTATIONS OF CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE Jaundice Spider angiomata Palmar erythema Gynecomastia Ascites Asterixis Signs of portal hypertension Feminization of truncal hair pattern ?Parotid enlargement ?Testicular atrophy

    45. ANORECTAL EXAMINATION External hemorrhoids Anal tone Warts Tenderness Prostate Polyps/rectal masses Stool for occult blood exam (HEMOCCULT)

    46. NUTRITIONAL STATUS General Appearance Muscle mass Skin turgor/redundancy/striae Skin-fold thickness

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