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Nonrenewable Energy Resources Chapter 17

Nonrenewable Energy Resources Chapter 17. Advanced Placement Environmental Science. 1. Energy Resources 2. Oil 3. Natural Gas 4. Coal 5. Nuclear Energy. Energy Sources. Modern society requires large quantities of energy that are generated from the earth’s natural resources.

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Nonrenewable Energy Resources Chapter 17

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  1. Nonrenewable EnergyResourcesChapter 17 Advanced Placement Environmental Science

  2. 1. Energy Resources 2. Oil 3. Natural Gas 4. Coal 5. Nuclear Energy

  3. Energy Sources • Modern society requires large quantities of energy that are generated from the earth’s natural resources. • Primary Energy Resources: The fossil fuels(oil, gas, and coal), nuclear energy, falling water, geothermal, and solar energy. • Secondary Energy Resources: Those sources which are derived from primary resources such as electricity, fuels from coal, (synthetic natural gas and synthetic gasoline), as well as alcohol fuels.

  4. Thermodynamics • The laws of thermodynamics tell us two things about converting heat energy from steam to work: • 1) The conversion of heat to work cannot be 100 % efficient because a portion of the heat is wasted. • 2) The efficiency of converting heat to work increases as the heat temperature increases.

  5. Energy Units and Use • BTU (British Thermal Unit) - amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 lb. of water by 1 ºF. • cal (calorie) - the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1 ºC. Commonly, kilocalorie (kcal) is used. • 1 Btu = 252 cal = 0.252 kcal • 1 Btu = 1055 J (joule) = 1.055 kJ • 1 cal = 4.184 J

  6. Energy Units and Use • Two other units that are often seen are the horsepower and the watt. These are not units of energy, but are units of power. • 1 watt (W) = 3.412 BTU/hour • 1 horsepower (hp) = 746 W • Watt-hour - Another unit of energy used only to describe electrical energy. Usually we use kilowatt-hour (kW-h) since it is larger. • quad (Q) - used for describing very large quantities of energy. 1 Q = 1015 Btu

  7. Evaluating Energy Resources • U.S. has 4.6% of world population and uses 24% of the world’s energy. • 84% from nonrenewable fossil fuels (oil, coal, & natural gas). • 7% from nuclear power. • 9% from renewable sources (hydropower, geothermal, solar, biomass).

  8. Changes in U.S. Energy Use

  9. Energy resources removed from the Earth’s crust include: oil, natural gas, coal, and uranium.

  10. Fossil Fuels • Fossil fuels originated from the decay of living organisms millions of years ago, and account for about 80% of the energy generated in the U.S. • The fossil fuels used in energy generation are: • Natural gas, which is 70 - 80% methane (CH4) • Liquid hydrocarbons obtained from the distillation of petroleum • Coal - a solid mixture of large molecules with a H/C ratio of about 1

  11. Problems with Fossil Fuels • Fossil fuels are nonrenewable resources. • At projected consumption rates, natural gas and petroleum will be depleted before the end of the 21st century. • Impurities in fossil fuels are a major source of pollution. • Burning fossil fuels produce large amounts of CO2, which contributes to global warming.

  12. 1. Energy Resources 2. Oil 3. Natural Gas 4. Coal 5. Nuclear Energy www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

  13. Oil • Deposits of crude oil often are trapped within the earth's crust and can be extracted by drilling a well. • Fossil fuel, produced by the decomposition of deeply buried organic matter from plants and animals. • Crude oil: complex liquid mixture of hydrocarbons, with small amounts of S, O, N impurities. • How Oil Drilling Works by Craig C. Freudenrich, Ph.D. – read the entire article on science.howstuffworks.com.

  14. Sources of Oil • Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) – 13 countrieshave 67% world reserves: • Algeria, Ecuador, Gabon, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, & Venezuela • Other important producers: • Alaska, Siberia, & Mexico.

  15. Oil in U.S. • 2.3% of world reserves. • Uses nearly 30% of world reserves. • 65% for transportation. • Increasing dependence on imports.

  16. Low oil prices have stimulated economic growth, they have discouraged/prevented improvements in energy efficiency and alternative technologies favoring renewable resources.

  17. Burning any fossil fuel releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and thus promotes global warming. • Comparison of CO2 emitted by fossil fuels and nuclear power.

  18. Oil • Crude oil is transported to a refinery where distillation produces petrochemicals. • How Oil Refining Works by Craig C. Freudenrich, Ph.D.

  19. 1. Energy Resources 2. Oil 3. Natural Gas 4. Coal 5. Nuclear Energy www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

  20. Natural Gas - Fossil Fuel • Mixture • 50–90% Methane (CH4) • Ethane (C2H6) • Propane (C3H8) • Butane (C4H10) • Hydrogen sulfide (H2S)

  21. Sources of Natural Gas • Russia & Kazakhstan - almost 40% of world's supply. • Iran (15%), Qatar (5%), Saudi Arabia (4%), Algeria (4%), United States (3%), Nigeria (3%), Venezuela (3%). • 90–95% of natural gas in U.S. domestic (~411,000 km = 255,000 miles of pipeline).

  22. billion cubic meters

  23. Natural Gas • Experts predict increased use of natural gas during this century.

  24. Natural Gas • When a natural gas field is tapped, propane and butane are liquefied and removed as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). • The rest of the gas (mostly methane) is dried, cleaned, and pumped into pressurized pipelines for distribution. • Liquefied natural gas (LNG) can be shipped in refrigerated tanker ships.

  25. 1. Energy Resources 2. Oil 3. Natural Gas 4. Coal 5. Nuclear Energy www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

  26. Coal: Supply and Demand • Coal exists in many forms therefore a chemical formula cannot be written for it. • Coalification: After plants died they underwent chemical decay to form a product known as peat. • Over many years, thick peat layers formed. • Peat is converted to coal by geological events such as land subsidence which subject the peat to great pressures and temperatures.

  27. Ranks of Coal • Anthracite : A hard, black lustrous coal, often referred to as hard coal, containing a high percentage of fixed carbon and a low percentage of volatile matter. Energy content of about 14,000 Btu/lb. • Bituminous: Most common coal and is dense and black (often with well-defined bands of bright and dull material). Its moisture content usually is less than 20 percent. Energy content about 10,500 Btu / lb. • Subbituminous: Black lignite and is dull black and generally contains 20 to 30 percent moisture Energy content is 8,300 BTU/lb. • Lignite: A brownish-black coal of low quality (i.e., low heat content per unit) with high inherent moisture and volatile matter. Energy content is lower than 4,000 BTU/lb.

  28. PEAT LIGNITE

  29. BITUMINOUS ANTHRACITE

  30. Bituminous Subbituminous Lignite Anthracite Main Coal Deposits

  31. garnero101.asu.edu/glg101/Lectures/L37.ppt

  32. Advantages and Disadvantages • Pros • Most abundant fossil fuel. • Major U.S. reserves. • 300 years at current consumption rates. • High net energy yield. • Cons • Dirtiest fuel, highest carbon dioxide. • Major environmental degradation. • Major threat to health. © Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP

  33. Sulfur in Coal • When coal is burned, sulfur is released primarily as sulfur dioxide (SO2 - serious pollutant). • Coal Cleaning - Methods of removing sulfur from coal include cleaning, solvent refining, gasification, and liquefaction. Scrubbers are used to trap SO2 when coal is burned. • Two chief forms of sulfur are inorganic (FeS2 or CaSO4) and organic (Sulfur bound to Carbon).

  34. Coal • Coal gasification ® Synthetic natural gas (SNG) • Coal liquefaction ® Liquid fuels • Disadvantage • Costly • High Environmental Impact

  35. 1. Energy Resources 2. Oil 3. Natural Gas 4. Coal 5. Nuclear Energy www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

  36. Nuclear Energy • In a conventional nuclear power plant: • a controlled nuclear fission chain reaction • heats water • produces high-pressure steam • that turns turbines • generates electricity.

  37. Nuclear Energy Controlled Fission Chain Reaction Neutrons split the nuclei of atoms such as of Uranium or Plutonium Release energy (heat)

  38. Controlled Nuclear Fission Reaction

  39. Radioactivity • Radioactive decay continues until the the original isotope is changed into a stable isotope that is not radioactive. • Radioactivity: Nuclear changes in which unstable (radioactive) isotopes emit particles & energy.

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