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Early Muslim Expansion

These are the actual Reasons for Eraly Muslim expansion.

Muhammad804
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Early Muslim Expansion

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  1. Persian and Roman Empires before Islam

  2. Post-Prophetic Period of Islam

  3. Early Muslim Expansion

  4. Our Sources

  5. Muslim Messengers / Delegations were killed by border Clans Early Muslim Wars were for Survival and not for Expansion During the Summer of 9 AH in consequence of Mohammad's growing power and pretensions, the Roman Emperor directed the feudatory tribes of the border to assemble, which resulted Battle of Tabuk. Saying of 2nd Caliph Umar (RA) is quoted by the historian Tabary, “I wish we had a mountain of fire between Persia and Arabia, they don’t reach us, and we don’t reach them” But Persians kept on messing up every year, creating an unrest and disturbance on the borders.

  6. Factors behind early Muslim Expansion Christian Sectarian Wars Muslims gave Christians freedom of faith, which they didn’t have under Christian rule. Chalcedonian, Monophysite, Nestorian, and other sects were forcing their kind of faiths. Not accepting certain interpretations of their theology was considered a punishable crime. (Arnold) Christians suffered worse from their mutual sectarianism wars than from the Muslim conquerors. (Arnold) Nestorian and Jacobite Christians persuaded Persians in the 5th century to persecute Orthodox Christians, resulting in the butchering of hundreds and thousands of orthodox Christians including 7800 clergymen. (Arnold) Amr ibn al-As convinced Umar (RA) to authorize an invasion of Egypt and one reason was that Christians were disaffected with the rule of Constantinople. This was because of the rift between the Egyptian Church and Constantinople. (Kerabell) That is why Egypt fell to an army of fewer than five thousand soldiers. (Karabell)

  7. Factors behind early Muslim Expansion Muslim Treatment of the people of Conquered Lands. • The Muslim conquests were largely bloodless and without destruction of towns and cities, mainly because of the Qur’anic teachings to respect the people of the book and War rules of Prophet Muhammad PBUH. • Muslims’ treatment and agreements with Christians and Jews were full of religious and social freedom.

  8. Factors behind early Muslim Expansion Muslim Armies were supported by Christians and Jews • The reason behind early Muslim expansion was based more on the people of the conquered lands than on the invading Muslim armies. (Arnold) • The conquered people were not forced to accept Islam, in fact the treatment by the Christian Byzantine Empire repelled them and pushed them to go towards Islam. (Arnold) • Christians supported Muslims in the early conquests, not necessarily accepting Islam like the tribe of Bani-Tughlab. (Arnold) • Christians of Hims and North of Damascus joined Arabs to fight against Byzantines and said, “we like your rule and justice far better than the state of oppression and tyranny in which we were” (Karabell) • The Jews also joined, “We swear by the Torah, no governor of Heraclius shall enter the city of Hims…” they told the Muslim commander. (Karabell) • Many Christians never converted to Islam in the Muslim-conquered lands and remained there even during the Abbasside reign. (About 150 years after the Prophet (pbuh)) (Arnold)

  9. Factors behind early Muslim Expansion Jizya was an Attraction • Jizya was a tax from the people of the book in return for the guarantee of protection for their life, property, and religion. • The amount of Jizya charged during the Umayyad and Abbasside reign was 48 dirhams for the upper-class or rich Christians and Jews, 24 dirhams for the middle class, and 12 dirhams for the lower-income class. I dirham roughly is 3 grams of silver. • This amount was due per year in cash or in-kind. It could be paid for in any way except pork or wine. It was mandatory only to healthy males while the handicapped, women, children, elderly, and priests/monks were exempt. (Arnold) • Christians or Jews serving in the Muslim army were also exempt from Jizya. • Throughout Muslim history, no organized effort has been reported to drive Christians or Christianity out of ruling Muslim areas; Compared to Ferdinand and Isabella driving Muslims and Islam out of Spain or how the Jews were kept out of England for 350 years. (Arnold)

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