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On earth observation of our atmosphere: GLOBE Aerosols NSO, KNMI, NEMO, SME

On earth observation of our atmosphere: GLOBE Aerosols NSO, KNMI, NEMO, SME. Elise Hendriks April 2013. Earth observation. Europe by night as viewed by Andre Kuipers on board of ISS, 2012 (source: NASA). 2 /. 8-11-2019 GAC Aerosols training April 2013. Earth observation of the atmosphere.

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On earth observation of our atmosphere: GLOBE Aerosols NSO, KNMI, NEMO, SME

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  1. On earth observation of our atmosphere:GLOBE Aerosols NSO, KNMI, NEMO, SME • Elise Hendriks • April 2013

  2. Earth observation Europe by night as viewed by Andre Kuipers on board of ISS, 2012 (source: NASA) 2/ 8-11-2019GAC Aerosols training April 2013

  3. Earth observation of the atmosphere … increases our understanding of weather, climate, and climate change. Examples of earth observation: temperature, clouds, precipitation, insolation, and air quality or atmospheric composition. 3/ 8-11-2019 GAC Aerosols training April 2013

  4. Earth observation of the atmosphere We observe our atmosphere .. • from space: satellite observations • from the ground: ground observations • from within atmosphere: observations by airplane, weather balloon, or zeppelin 4/ 8-11-2019 GAC Aerosols training April 2013

  5. GLOBE Aerosols GLOBE Program in the Netherlands: Aerosols Education project by KNMI, NSO, NEMO and GLOBE Nederland (SME advies): • aerosols, atmospheric composition, climate change and air quality; • ground measurements and earth observation; • education, outreach, scientific research; 5/ 8-11-2019 GAC Aerosols training April 2013

  6. Our atmosphere Stratosphere ozone, CFCs a.o. Troposphere: • nitrogen ~ 78% • oxigen ~ 21% • water vapour and clouds • greenhouse gases • aerosols • ozone 6/ 8-11-2019GAC Aerosols training April 2013

  7. Aerosols Aerosols is/are ..? Aerosols are minute solid and liquid particles residing in our atmosphere Examples Soot, sea salt, vulcanic ash particles, and mineral dust, … Where? Lowest part of atmosphere (troposphere) mostly, but also higher (stratosphere) (in case of huge vulcanic eruption for example) 7/ 8-11-2019GAC Aerosols training April 2013

  8. Aerosol sources Atmospheric aerosols: • natural sources ~ 90%: volcanic eruptions, forest fires, sea spray, sand storms • antropogenic sources ~10% : industry, traffic, biomass and waste burning, farming and land management, .. → soot, sea salt, dust (sand), sulfates, etc. Vulcanic eruptions: sulfate aerosol Traffic exhaust: soot, etc. 8/ 8-11-2019GAC Aerosols training April 2013

  9. Which role do they play in our atmosphere? Aerosols influence the radiative energy balance, therefore affect temperature, clouds, precipitation, ... On what term? Short term effects (hour, day, year): weather, air quality Long term effects (years): climate Aerosols 9/ GAC Aerosols training April 2013

  10. Aerosols and sun light Aerosols • scatter and absorb sun light ↑ ☼ →○☼→● • cloud formation and behaviour: • scattering aerosol: 1) whiter clouds due to smaller droplets, 2) longer cloud lifetime • absorbing aerosol: 2) evaporation of clouds, 2) enhanced atmospheric stability through suppression of cloud formation → impact on radiative energy budget and global atmospheric temperature Aerosols and climate Black smoke White contrails 10/ 8-11-2019GAC Aerosols training April 2013

  11. Aerosols and climate change Aerosols seem to have a decreasing effect on the average global temperature, but how exactly? warmer colder but with local variations (faster increase in the Netherlands) 11/ 8-11-2019GAC Aerosols training April 2013

  12. Red Square, Moscow fires 2010 Aerosols and air quality Aerosols and smog can be of • health risk to humans; respiratory illness, cardiovascular illness • risk to eco-system; - health risk to animals - effects as result of reduced stomatal uptake/exchange by plants →impact on health and environment ‘The Big Smoke’ in Londen 1952 12/ 8-11-2019GAC Aerosols training April 2013

  13. Aerosol observations Instruments: • Satellites: Aerosol Optical Thickness (AOT) • Ground observations: AOT, lidar, fine dust (PM) Satellite instruments and networks: • OMI, MODIS, CALIPSO, ..., TROPOMI • AERONET • EMEP European air quality network, local air quality networks (LML in the Netherlands) and:the GLOBE student network ! Satelliite observations AURA: OMI GLOBE Sun photometer 13/ 8-11-2019GAC Aerosols training April 2013

  14. Observing aerosols ‘Remote sensing’ of aerosols • remotely sensing: measuring form a distance • passive remote sensing: • light measurement with sun light as source • sun photometer or similar optical instrument on board of satellite • activeremote sensing: • lidar (with laser light) or radar instrument Satelliite observations AURA: OMI GLOBE Sun photometer 14/ 8-11-2019GAC Aerosols training April 2013

  15. Satelliite observations AURA: OMI Earth observation and KNMI Principle scientist role • Ozone Monitoring Instrument OMI launch July 15, 2004 on NASA’s EOS-Aura satellite • Tropospheric Monitoring Instrument TROPOMI launch early 2015, on ESA’s Sentinel 5 Precursor (SP5) satellite Responsible for • Calibration of satellite’s scientific data products (ozone,NOx, aerosols,…) • Online availability of scientific data products Needed always: ground based data !!! GLOBE NASA’s AURA Sun photometer 15/ 8-11-2019GAC Aerosols training April 2013

  16. On sun light in our atmosphere Bron: Calvin and Hobbes by Bill Waterson Why is the sky blue, do clouds look white, and does the sky turn pink at sunset? 16/ GAC Aerosols training April 2013

  17. Scattering of sun light on small particles … on size and color tiny particles << 1μm (molecule or atom) :  strong scattering of blue light small particles ~1μm:  aqual scattering of all colors; white to grey (depending on particle size) particles >> 1μm:  scattering depends on particle type; all colors are possible ... Regenboog (foto: Arnout Apituley, KNMI) 17/ GAC Aerosols training April 2013

  18. Scattering of sun light on small particles Light scattering is stronger: with increasing particle density with increasing thickness of the medium (the atmosphere); increasing path length The more particles a light wave ‘runs into’ the stronger the effect of the particle it’s scattering and absorption properties are visible; or the more intense blue, white or colored the resulting scattered light 18/ GAC Aerosols training April 2013

  19. Milky ways.. aerosol scattering in an aquarium An experiment to simulate aerosol scattering and absorption Experiment 19/ GAC Aerosols training April 2013

  20. Milky ways.. aerosol scattering in an aquarium Milk particles are of approximately the same size as atmospheric aerosols The more milk particles in the water (the more aerosols in the atmosphere), the stronger the scattering and absorption 0.4 ‰ 1.1 ‰ 2.1 ‰ 0 ‰ 20/ GAC Aerosols training April 2013

  21. Observing aerosols Aerosols scatter and absorb sun light We use these properties to observe aerosols from space ground or from within the atmosphere Pluim van woestijnstof 21/ GAC Aerosols training April 2013

  22. Sun light in our atmosphere • All radiation on Earth • originates from the Sun • Solar radiation or sun light, is • being • scattered • absorpted • reflected • in the atmosphere (by clouds, • aerosols, ..) and by the Earth • surface Solar radiation at the top of the atmosphere Solar radiation at the Earth surface 22/ GAC Aerosols training April 2013

  23. Optical observations of aerosols AURA: OMI The total effect of scattered and absorbed sun light by aerosols determines the aerosol optical thickness (AOT): • AOT: value between 0 en 1 (generally) • AOT is a measure aerosol amount • AOT as a function of wavelength → aerosol type and size AOT is the quantity measured by sun photometers (ground based) or by satellite instruments zonfotometer GLOBE zonfotometer 23/11 8-11-2019GAC Aerosols training April 2013

  24. Satellite observation of aerosols (bron: NASA Giovanni online analysis tool) AOT as observed by MODIS Terra on 22 November 2012: 'Aerosols paint the world' (bron: NASA) 24/ GAC Aerosols training April 2013

  25. GLOBE sun photometer CALISPH ’AIR sun photometer GLOBE aerosol observations Total aerosol with a sun photometer (total column aerosol) • official GLOBE sun photometer (contact David Brooks, USA, http://www.instesre.org/) • CALISPH’AIR sun photometer used by GLOBE teachers in France (contact Danielle de Staerke, CNES, France) Other aerosol observations Ground level Black Carbon (BC) for example: • BC observations as carried out by GLOBE Estland/France 25/ 8-11-2019GAC Aerosols training April 2013

  26. GLOBE Aerosols at school In the Netherlands Secondary school (HAVO/VWO): • ‘NLT Aerosolen en Vuile Lucht’ teaching module • in classor asstudent project In-situ AOT observations by students: • direct sunlight with sun photometer • meteorological parameters • simple radiative transport model (at KNMI) GLOBE Aerosols 26/ 8-11-2019GAC Aerosols training April 2013

  27. Aerosol observations from the ground GLOBE sun photometer Ground observations with a sun photometer (professional or GLOBE): • direct sun light • aerosol optical depth (AOD) between sun and observer • AOD, measure for amount of sun light that has passed through atmosphere • AOD, measure for amount of aerosols • AOD, value between 0-1 normally (sometimes >1) Aerosols and sun light 27/ 8-11-2019GAC Aerosol workshop June 2012

  28. Aerosol observations from space AURA satellite: OMI Instruments on board of NASA/ESA earth observation satellites: • measure characteristics of scattered sun light  AOD, .. • every day global coverage • coarse resolution  less detail • observations need validation with ground based measurements Aerosols and sun light 28/ 8-11-2019 GAC Aerosols training April 2013

  29. GLOBE Aerosols observations GLOBE Aerosols introduction and explanation of sun photometer measurements GLOBE Aerosols GLOBE Aerosols introduction movie: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZTOxJyG0iJc Download upon request, soon through globe.gov too 29/ 8-11-2019GAC Aerosols training April 2013

  30. GLOBE Aerosols ... observations • can add more detail to satellite observations • can provide useful validation data to satellite observations → add toimproved ‘picture’ and understanding of the behaviour of aerosols which in turn can lead towards.. →increased understanding of role of aerosols in climate change (and air quality) →and students learn about climate ! GLOBE Aerosols 30/ 8-11-2019GAC Aerosols training April 2013

  31. GLOBE Aerosols by students: an example • Time series 2003 – 2013: • Damstede (Amsterdam, • the Netherlands) • MODIS AOT550nm 31/ 31/ GLOBE Orientatiedag, WUR, november 2012 GAC Aerosols training April 2013

  32. GLOBE Aerosols by students: an example • Recent observations • Time series 2012 – now: • Damstede (Amsterdam, NL) • Clusius College • (Heerugowaard, NL) • MODIS AOT550nm 32/ 32/15 32/ GLOBE Orientatiedag, WUR, november 2012 GAC Aerosol workshop June 2012 GLOBE Oriëntatie- en trainingsdag, WUR, maart 2013

  33. 15:27u 16:33u 9:56u 11:47u 13:51u GLOBE Aerosols at KNMI: an example March 27 2013 33/ 8-11-2019GAC Aerosols training April 2013

  34. GLOBE Aerosols at KNMI: an example MODIS Aqua over Europe and over The Netherlands, March 27 2013 34/ 8-11-2019GAC Aerosols training April 2013

  35. Getting started withGLOBE Aerosols • Elise Hendriks (KNMI), Danielle • de Staerke (CNES) • April 2013

  36. GLOBE Aerosols: get it started Enthusiasm, educational material, GLOBE network contact(s), local scientist (find yours!), explore & connect Connect, explore & exchange through GLOBE aerosols community at globe.gov … will we meet you there? very soon! 36/ 8-11-2019GAC Aerosols training April 2013

  37. GLOBE aerosols: what do you need? • standard protocols are available through globe.gov, • links and additional material and feedback through GLOBE Aerosols community at globe.gov: • educational material, • measurement campaign time line and details • general feedback on European & Eurasian observations • how-to-use of online available satellite observations of aerosols … send/post your add on’s and feature requests ! 37/ 8-11-2019GAC Aerosols training April 2013

  38. GLOBE Aerosols Data entry at globe.gov and explore other observations • Elise Hendriks (KNMI), Danielle • de Staerke (CNES) • April 2013

  39. Explore other observations ... where and how? GLOBE schools, for example: • Damstede college in Amsterdam, the Netherlands: globe.gov or www.knmi.nl/globe/,or French and Estonian schools through:globefrance.org Satellite data, for example: • MODIS through NASA’s online analysis tool GIOVANNI: disc.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/giovanni/ Other aerosol data networks, for example: • AERONET data gcmd.nasa.gov/records/GCMD_AERONET_NASA.html NASA’s GIOVANNI analysis tool GLOBE France website 39/ 8-11-2019GAC Aerosols training April 2013

  40. GLOBE Aerosols Schedule • Elise Hendriks (KNMI), Danielle • de Staerke (CNES) • April 2013

  41. GLOBE Aerosols time line Scheduled measurement campaigns • World wide: Student Climate Research Campaign 2011-2013 • Europe & Eurasia: GLOBE Aerosols in Europe & Eurasia • spring measurement campaignMarch – June 2013 • fall measurement campaignOctober 2013 • The Netherlands: GLOBE Aerosols - iSPEX campaign May – June 2013 41/ 8-11-2019GAC Aerosols training April 2013

  42. iSPEX and GLOBE Aerosols iSPEX project Aerosol observations (total aerosols, column observations) with iPhone www.ispex.nl GLOBE Aerosols – iSPEX measurement campaign Comparison of GLOBE sun photometer and iSPEX observations www.knmi.nl/globe/ May-June 2013 42/ 8-11-2019GAC Aerosols training April 2013

  43. What’s up next? Any idea’s for future projects? 43/ 8-11-2019GAC Aerosols training April 2013

  44. Thanks! • April 2013

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