Diseases Caused by Bacterial Infections

1. Various Infections Caused by Bacteria

2. LEPTOSPIROSIS • Leptospirosis, also known as canicola fever, hemorrhagic jaundice, infectious jaundice, mud fever, spirochetal jaundice, swamp fever, swineherd’s disease, caver’s flu or sewerman’s flu, is a bacterial infection resulting from exposure to the Leptospira interrogansbacterium. • Without treatment, Leptospirosis can lead to kidney damage, meningitis (inflammation of the membrane around the brain and spinal cord), liver failure, respiratory distress, and even death.

3. LEPTOSPIROSIS • Leptospira interrogans

4. TETANUS • Tetanus is an infection caused by bacteria called Clostridium tetani. • When the bacteria invade the body, they produce a poison (toxin) that causes painful muscle contractions. • Another name for tetanus is "lockjaw" because it often causes a person's neck and jaw muscles to lock, making it hard to open the mouth or swallow. • Vaccines are recommended for infants, children, teens and adults to prevent tetanus.

5. TETANUS Clostridium tetani

6. LYMEDISEASE • Lyme disease is caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi and is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected blacklegged ticks. • Typical symptoms include fever, headache, fatigue, and a characteristic skin rash called erythema migrans. • If left untreated, infection can spread to joints, the heart, and the nervous system. • Diagnosed based on symptoms, physical findings like rash, and the possibility of exposure to infected ticks.   • Steps to prevent Lyme disease include using insect repellent. The ticks that transmit Lyme disease can occasionally transmit other tick-borne diseases as well.

7. LYME DISEASE • Borrelia burgdorferi

8. SCARLET FEVER • Scarlet fever – or scarlatina – is a bacterial infection caused by groupA Streptococcus or "group A strep.“ • Features a bright red rash that covers most of the body. Scarlet fever is almost always accompanied by a sore throat and a high fever. • Most common in children 5 to 15 years of age. Although scarlet fever was once considered a serious childhood illness, antibiotic treatments have made it less threatening. • If left untreated, scarlet fever can result in more-serious conditions that affect the heart, kidneys and other parts of the body.

9. SCARLET FEVER group A Streptococcus

10. IMPETIGO • One of the most common skin infections among kids, usually produces blisters or sores on the face, neck, hands, and diaper area. • Generally caused by one of two bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pyogenes (also called group A streptococcus, which also causes strep throat). • Impetigo usually affects preschool and school-age children. A child may be more likely to develop impetigo if the skin has already been irritated by other skin problems, such as eczema, poison ivy, insect bites, and cuts or scrapes.

11. IMPETIGO Streptococcus pyogenes

12. BOILS • Boils are usually caused by infection by the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus, which enter the skin through pores or small wounds. • A skin infection that starts in a hair follicle or oil gland. At first, the skin turns red in the area of the infection, and a tender lump develops. After four to seven days, the lump starts turning white as pus collects under the skin. • Most common places for boils to appear are on the face, neck, armpits, shoulders, and buttocks. • When one forms on the eyelid, it is called a sty. • If several boils appear in a group, this is a more serious type of infection called a carbuncle.

13. BOILS Staphylococcus aureus

14. PERTUSSISorWHOOPING COUGH • Pertussis, also known as whooping cough, is a highly contagious respiratory disease. It is caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis. • Pertussis is known for uncontrollable, violent coughing which often makes it hard to breathe. After fits of many coughs, someone with pertussis often needs to take deep breaths which result in a "whooping" sound. • It can affect people of all ages, but can be very serious, even deadly, for babies less than a year old. • Best way to protect against pertussis is by getting vaccinated

15. PERTUSSIS • Bordetella pertussis

16. TUBERCULOSIS • Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by a bacterium called Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The bacteria usually attack the lungs, but TB bacteria can attack any part of the body such as the kidney, spine, and brain. • The bacteria that cause tuberculosis are spread from one person to another through tiny droplets released into the air via coughs and sneezes. • If not treated properly, TB disease can be fatal.

17. TUBERCULOSIS Mycobacterium tuberculosis

18. WHIPPLE DISEASE • Bacteria called Tropheryma whipplei(T. whipplei) cause Whipple disease. T. whipplei infection can cause internal sores, also called lesions, and thickening of tissues in the small intestine. • The villi take on an abnormal, clublike appearance and the damaged intestinal lining does not properly absorb nutrients, causing diarrhea and malnutrition. • Symptoms include skin lesions • The bacteria are found in soil and sewage waste water • Whipple disease is not transmitted from person to person

19. WHIPPLE DISEASE Tropherymawhipplei

20. SHIGELLOSIS • Shigellosis is an infectious disease caused by a group of bacteria called Shigella. • Most infected develop diarrhea which often is bloody, fever, and stomach cramps starting a day or two after they are exposed to the bacteria. • Usually resolves in 5 to 7 days. Some people who are infected may have no symptoms at all, but may still pass the Shigella bacteria to others. • Spread of Shigella can be stopped by frequent and careful handwashing with soap and taking other hygiene measures.

21. SHIGELLOSIS Shigella

22. CHOLERA • Cholera is an acute, diarrheal illness caused by infection of the intestine with the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. • An estimated 3-5 million cases and over 100,000 deaths occur each year around the world. • The infection is often mild or without symptoms, but can sometimes be severe. Approximately one in 10 (5-10%) infected persons will have severe disease characterized by profuse watery diarrhea, vomiting, and leg cramps. In these people, rapid loss of body fluids leads to dehydration and shock. • Without treatment, death can occur within hours.

23. CHOLERA Vibrio cholerae

24. MELIOIDOSIS • Melioidosis, also called Whitmore's disease, is an infectious disease that can infect humans or animals. The disease is caused by the bacteriumBurkholderia pseudomallei. • It is predominately a disease of tropical climates, especially in Southeast Asia and northern Australia where it is widespread. The bacteria causing melioidosis are found in contaminated water and soil. It is spread to humans and animals through direct contact with the contaminated source. • Highly fatal. Case fatality rate is 60% in Cambodia, 40% in Thailand, and 14% in Northern Australia • Mostly dies within 48 hours

25. MELIOIDOSIS • Burkholderia pseudomallei

26. ANTHRAX • Anthrax disease is a severe illness caused by bacteria named Bacillus anthracis. Anthrax disease can result in pneumonia, blood infection, and death. • Most of the time anthrax bacteria live in an inactive form called spores. Inactive anthrax spores live naturally in soil and can be carried in the wool or on the skin of animals-usually cows, sheep, or goats. A hard coating helps the spores survive heat, drying, and radiation for long periods of time.

27. ANTHRAX • Bacillus anthracis

28. BUBONIC PLAGUE • An infectious disease that is caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis and is transmitted to humans from infected rats by the oriental rat flea. • It is named for the characteristic feature of buboes (painfully enlarged lymph nodes) in the groin, armpits, neck, and elsewhere. Other symptoms of bubonic plague include headache, fever, chills, and weakness. • Bubonic plague can lead to gangrene (tissue death) of the fingers, toes, and nose. Also called Black Death and Black Plague. The bubonic plague, better known as the “The Black Death,” has existed for thousands of years. The first recorded case of the plague was in China in 224 B.C.E. But the most significant outbreak was in Europe in the mid-fourteenth century. Over a five-year period from 1347 to 1352, 25 million people died. One-third to one-half of the European population was wiped out!

29. BUBONIC PLAGUE Yersinia pestis

30. SEPSIS • Sepsis is a serious medical condition caused by an overwhelming immune response to infection. Chemicals released into the blood to fight infection trigger widespread inflammation. • Bacterial infections (commonly Staphylococci, others include Streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella) are the most common cause of sepsis. However, sepsis can also be caused by other infections. • The infection can begin anywhere bacteria or other infectious agents can enter the body. It can result from something as seemingly harmless as a scraped knee or nicked cuticle or from a more serious medical problem such as appendicitis, pneumonia, meningitis, or a urinary tract infection.

31. SEPSIS

32. LEPROSY • Leprosy, also known as Hansen’s disease, is a chronic disease caused by a slow multiplying bacillus, Mycobacterium leprae. • M. leprae multiplies slowly and the incubation period of the disease is about 5 years. Symptoms can take as long as 20 years to appear. • The disease mainly affects the skin, the peripheral nerves, mucosa of the upper respiratory tract and also the eyes. • Although not highly infectious, it is transmitted via droplets, from the nose and mouth, during close and frequent contacts with untreated cases. • Early diagnosis and treatment with multidrug therapy (MDT) remain key in eliminating the disease as a public health concern

33. LEPROSY Mycobacterium leprae

34. TRACHOMA • Trachoma is caused by an organism called Chlamydia trachomatis. • Trachoma is an infection of the eyes that may result in blindness after repeated re-infections. • Infection usually first occurs in childhood but people do not became blind until adulthood • Through the discharge from an infected child's eyes, trachoma is passed on by hands, on clothing, or by flies that land on the face of the infected child. • It is the world's leading cause of preventable blindness and occurs where people live in overcrowded conditions with limited access to water and health care

35. TRACHOMA Chlamydia trachomatis

36. EPIGLOTTITIS • Epiglottitis, infection of the epiglottis by bacteria. The infecting bacterium is almost always Haemophilus influenzae type B • Sudden onset of symptoms—including sore throat, hoarseness, and usually a high fever—is followed by the development of respiratory distress. • Epiglottitis can quickly result in complete blockage of the airway and must be treated by a physician immediately. • Epiglottitis occurs most often in children two to five years old, but it can occur in people of any age.

37. EPIGLOTTITIS Haemophilus influenzae type B

38. GRANULOMA INGUINALE (DONOVANOSIS) • A genital ulcerative disease caused by the intracellular gram-negative bacterium Klebsiella granulomatis (formerly known as Calymmatobacterium granulomatis). • Commonly characterized as painless, slowly progressive ulcerative lesions on the genitals or perineum without regional lymphadenopathy; subcutaneous granulomas (pseudobuboes) also might occur. • Lesions are highly vascular (i.e., beefy red appearance) and bleed. Extragenital infection can occur with extension of infection to the pelvis, or it can disseminate to intra-abdominal organs, bones, or the mouth. The lesions also can develop secondary bacterial infection and can coexist with other sexually transmitted pathogens.

39. GRANULOMA INGUINALE • Klebsiella granulomatis

40. GONORRHEA • Caused by the bacterium Neisseriagonorrhoeae • Is a sexually transmited disease (STD) • A bacterium that can grow and multiply easily in warm, moist areas of reproductive tract, including the cervix, uterus, and fallopian tubes in women, and in the urethra in women and men. • Is spread through contact with the penis, vagina, mouth, or anus.

41. GONORRHEA • Neisseriagonorrhoeae

42. Thank you! - Group 1 END