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Chapter 23 Electric Current

Chapter 23 Electric Current. Current. Water flows from the reservoir of higher pressure to the reservoir of lower pressure; flow stops when the pressure difference ceases. . Water continues to flow because a difference in pressure is maintained with the pump. Electric Current.

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Chapter 23 Electric Current

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  1. Chapter 23Electric Current Physics 1 (Garcia) SJSU

  2. Current Water flows from the reservoir of higher pressure to the reservoir of lower pressure; flow stops when the pressure difference ceases. Water continues to flow because a difference in pressure is maintained with the pump. Physics 1 (Garcia) SJSU

  3. Electric Current Just as water current is flow of water molecules, electric current is the flow of electric charge. In circuits, electrons make up the flow of charge. ON OFF Physics 1 (Garcia) SJSU

  4. Ammeter Ammeter Demo: Ammeter Ammeter measures electrical current. Current increases as the voltage increases. Due to charge conservation, same current into and out of light bulb. Light Bulb CURRENT Power Supply Ammeter readings always the same. (adjustable voltage) Galvanometer is an ammeter with both positive & negative Physics 1 (Garcia) SJSU

  5. Voltage Sources Charges flow only when they are “pushed” or “driven.” A sustained current requires a suitable pumping device to provide a difference in electric potential—a voltage. Aluminum Lemon Copper Simple Chemical Battery Simple Mechanical Generator Physics 1 (Garcia) SJSU

  6. Chemical Battery Batteries separate positive and negative charges by using a chemical reaction. Chemical potential energy is converted into electrical energy.

  7. Rechargeable Battery Eventually the battery’s chemicals are consumed unless the reaction can be reversed by passing a current into the battery. Automobile battery is recharged while the gasoline engine is running since the engine powers a generator that produces a recharging current. Starting the car Engine running

  8. Electrical Resistance Current depends not only on the voltage but also on the electrical resistance of the conductor. The wider the wire is, the less the resistance. A short wire offers less resistance than a long wire. More water flows through a thick hose than through a thin one connected to a city's water system (same water pressure). Jumper cables use thick wires so as to minimize the electrical resistance.

  9. Jacob’s Ladder Electrical resistance through air is greater for a larger gap. Biblical Jacob’s Ladder Physics Jacob’s Ladder Physics 1 (Garcia) SJSU

  10. Ohm’s Law Relation between current, voltage, and resistance is Ohm’s law, (Current) = Ampere is unit of current; symbol is A Volt is unit of voltage; symbol is V Ohm is unit of resistance; symbol is  (Voltage) (Resistance) Physics 1 (Garcia) SJSU

  11. Lab: Ohm’s Law Measuring voltage, current, and resistance in simple circuits to verify Ohm’s law. Ammeter Galvanometer Battery Resistor Physics 1 (Garcia) SJSU

  12. Ammeter Demo: Resistance of Water Pure water has very high resistance; impurities, such as salt, lower resistance. Light Bulb When salt dissolves the sodium and chlorine atoms are charged (ions). These mobile charges carry the current in the water. CURRENT Power Supply Salty Water Physics 1 (Garcia) SJSU

  13. Nervous System Nervous systems in animals use electrical currents to signal the contraction and relaxation of muscles. Frog leg jumps when electrical current passes through it.

  14. Conduction in Human Heart The most important electrical signal in our body is the periodic signal that contracts and relaxes our heart muscle to pump blood. Without a constant flow of blood the brain can suffer permanent damage. SA AV

  15. Conduction in Human Heart The normal electrical conduction in the heart allows the impulse that is generated by the sinoatrial (SA) node of the heart to be propagated to (and stimulate) the myocardium (muscle of the heart). When the myocardium is stimulated, it contracts, pumping blood in the body. As the electrical activity is spreading throughout the atria, it travels via specialized pathways, known as internodal tracts, from the SA node to the Atrioventricular (AV) node. The AV node functions as a critical delay in the conduction system. Without this delay, the atria and ventricles will contract at the same time, and blood won't flow effectively from the atria to the ventricles. SA AV Physics 1 (Garcia) SJSU

  16. Electric Shock The damaging effects of shock are the result of current passing through the body. Effects of Electric Shock on Human Body From Ohm's law, current depends on the voltage and on electrical resistance. When dry, skin’s resistance around 100,000 . Resistance drops as low as 100  when wet and salty. Physics 1 (Garcia) SJSU

  17. Check Yourself If your resistance is 100,000 , what is the current passing through you when you touch an electric socket (120 volts)? What if your resistance is only 100 ? Physics 1 (Garcia) SJSU

  18. Direct & Alternating Current Direct current (DC) is current that flows in only one direction. Alternating current (AC) is current that flows back and forth with alternating direction. Physics 1 (Garcia) SJSU

  19. DC vs. AC Easy to produce small DC currents using batteries, which also have low voltages. For major power lines, less ohmic heating if high voltage AC current is used instead of DC.

  20. Electrons in Conductors Electrons in a wire are in constant, rapid, but random motion. With direct current the electrons slowly drift down the wire. With alternating current the electrons slosh back and forth. Without Voltage With Voltage Physics 1 (Garcia) SJSU

  21. Demo: Resistance & Temperature Liquid Nitrogen Resistance in a material goes down when the material is cooled because the electrons don’t bump into atoms often. CURRENT Battery With Voltage & Cold Without Voltage With Voltage Ammeter Current increases when wire cooled Physics 1 (Garcia) SJSU

  22. Ohmic Heating Flowing electrons strike atoms in a conductor, heating the material. Toaster Physics 1 (Garcia) SJSU

  23. Rear Window Defogger Ohmic heating evaporates fog on car window. Physics 1 (Garcia) SJSU

  24. Demo: Ohmic Cooking An electric current running through a hot dog generates enough heat to cook it. Physics 1 (Garcia) SJSU

  25. Electric Power Power is rate at which energy is delivered. Power = (Voltage) x (Current) For example, (100 Watts) = (120 Volts) x ( 5/6 Ampere) Line voltage in the US is 120 Volts. In Europe voltage is 240 Volts. Physics 1 (Garcia) SJSU

  26. Check Yourself A kilowatt is 1000 watts, and a kilowatt-hour is the amount of energy consumed in one hour at the rate of 1 kilowatt. If electric energy costs 5 cents per kilowatt-hour, what does it cost to operate a 100-watt light bulb for 10 hours? What does it cost to run a 1200 watt microwave for 10 minutes? Physics 1 (Garcia) SJSU

  27. Lab: Simple Electric Circuits Combining circuit elements (battery, wires, bulbs, resistors, etc.) in different arrangements can give different results. Can predict results by tracing current and voltage differences. These three circuits are equivalent Physics 1 (Garcia) SJSU

  28. Series Circuit Same current passes through each element. Disconnect one of the bulbs and the circuit is broken (other bulbs go out). Physics 1 (Garcia) SJSU

  29. Parallel Circuit Same voltage on each bulb; current splits through each branch. Disconnect one of the bulbs and the other bulbs stay light with same brightness. Physics 1 (Garcia) SJSU

  30. Check Yourself How do the brightnesses of the identical light bulbs compare? Which bulb draws the most current? What happens if bulb A is unscrewed? What happens if bulb C is unscrewed? Physics 1 (Garcia) SJSU

  31. Overloading a Circuit More appliances added to a parallel circuit, the more current flows. A large current can cause significant ohmic heating in the wires, which is a fire hazard. Protect against overloading a circuit by adding a fuse. Physics 1 (Garcia) SJSU

  32. Fuses & Circuit Breakers Fuse is designed to melt (due to ohmic heating) when current is too large. Circuit breaker does same job without needing replacement; flip the switch to reconnect. Fuse Circuit Breaker Physics 1 (Garcia) SJSU

  33. Check Yourself If a 1200 watt hair dryer is connected to a 120 Volt line, how much current will it draw? How many hairdryers can you operate before blowing a 30 amp fuse? Physics 1 (Garcia) SJSU

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