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A field with four wind turbines and the Sun setting in the background. Figure 7.1 How many forms of energy can you identify in this photograph of a wind farm in Iowa? (credit: Jürgen from Sandesneben, Germany, Wikimedia Commons)
What are the different forms of energy? Name and describe them.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of each type of energy?
The scientific definition of work differs in some ways from its everyday meaning. Certain things we think of as hard work, such as writing an exam or carrying a heavy load on level ground, are not work as defined by a scientist. The scientific definition of work reveals its relationship to energy—whenever work is done, energy is transferred.
What It Means to Do Work For work, in the scientific sense, to be done, a force must be exerted and there must be displacement in the direction of the force. Figure 1 .The work done by the force F on this lawn mower is Fdcosθ (Note that Fcosθ is the component of the force in the direction of motion.
What It Means to Do Work The work done on a system by a constant force is the product of the component of the force in the direction of motion times the distance through which the force acts. For one-way motion in one dimension, this is expressed in equation form as W=Fdcosθ, where W is work, F is the magnitude of the force on the system, d is the magnitude of the displacement of the system, and θ is the angle between the force vector F and the displacement vector d.
Does the person moving the briefcase horizontally perform work ?
Answers : D) Work is done on the briefcase by carrying it up stairs at constant speed, because there is necessarily a component of force in the direction of the motion. Energy is transferred to the briefcase and could in turn be used to do work. (e) When the briefcase is lowered, energy is transferred out of the briefcase and into an electric generator. Here the work done on the briefcase by the generator is negative, removing energy from the briefcase, because F and d are in opposite directions.
How much work is done on the lawn mower by the person in Figure below (a) if he exerts a constant force of 75.0N at an angle 35º below the horizontal and pushes the mower 25.0m on level ground? Convert the amount of work from joules to kilocalories and compare it with this person’s average daily intake of 10,000kJ about 2400kcal of food energy. One calorie (1 cal) of heat is the amount required to warm 1 g of water by 1ºC, and is equivalent to 4.186J, while one food calorie (1 kcal) is equivalent to 4,186 J
Calculating Work Work and energy have the same units.From the definition of work, we see that those units are force times distance. Thus, in SI units, work and energy are measured in newton-meters. A newton-meter is given the special name joule (J), and 1J=1N⋅m=1kg⋅m2/s2 One joule is not a large amount of energy; it would lift a small 100-gram apple a distance of about 1 meter.
Activity no. 1 ENERGY AND ITS TRANSFORMATIONS Study the illustration. Make a story linking work, power, and energy by following the interconnection among these three concepts. Relate the three ideas to thermodynamics. .
:A. In pairs, draw to illustrate how different forms of energy can be converted to each other. B. In pairs, draw a representation of how energy is conserved when it is transformed from one form to another.
SEATWORK NO. 1 – WORK 1. How much work does a supermarket checkout attendant do on a can of soup he pushes 0.600 m horizontally with a force of 5.00 N? Express your answer in joules and kilocalories. 2. A 75.0-kg person climbs stairs, gaining 2.50 meters in height. Find the work done to accomplish this task.
What happens to the work done on a system? LESSON 2 Figure 1.Roller belt conveyor
The energy may be stored by the object in a variety of forms. Kinetic Energy is the energy possessed by an object by virtue of its motion.
WORK-ENERGY THEOREM work-energy theorem is defined to be the translational kinetic energy (KE) of a mass m moving at a speed v. (Translational kinetic energy is distinct from rotational kinetic energy, which is considered later.)
According to physics, energy isn't created or destroyed. This is called conservation of energy. When a moving car goes uphill and slows to a stop because of how steep it is, where does that energy go?
A hydroelectric power facility (see Figure 7.37) converts the gravitational potential energy of water behind a dam to electric energy
where does that energy go? it turns into gravitational potential energy. Gravitational potential energy, or GPE, is like height energy. The higher up an object is placed, the more GPE it has. This might seem strange, but there is some logic to why it must exist. GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY In Figure 1, you use energy in your muscles to lift the ball; you have to do work. This energy came from the food you eat, which originally came from the Sun through the food chain. When you lift the ball, you've used up that energy, so it has to go somewhere. We, therefore, conclude that it is stored inside the ball as Gravitational Potential Energy is the energy possessed by an object because of its position (vertical separation from the earth). 0r the energy that an object has due to its position in a gravitational field, like the one created by the Earth. The surface of the Earth is considered to be the point where gravitational potential energy is zero. Therefore, as you move the object farther and farther away from the Earth, its potential energy increases.
The internal energy also involves the potential energy. The potential energy remains stored in the form of chemical bonds, attraction, or repulsion. Also, kinetic energy, which is because of the motion, translation, rotation, and vibration of particles within the system.
significance of internal energy important for understanding phase changes, chemical reactions, nuclear reactions, and many other microscopic phenomena, as the possible energies between molecules and atoms are important. Both objects exhibit macroscopic and microscopic energy in vacuum.
factors that affect internal energy The internal energy can be altered by modifying the object’s temperature or volume without altering the number of particles inside the body. Temperature: As a system’s temperature increases, the molecules will move faster, thus have more kinetic energy and thus the internal energy will increase.
PROBLEM SOLVING : Suppose a 30.0-kg package on the roller belt conveyor system in Figure 7.4 is moving at 0.500 m/s. What is its kinetic energy?
2. If a 0.500-kg mass hung from a cuckoo clock is raised 1.00 m, calculate the change in gravitational potential energy .
SEAT WORK NO. 2- TYPES OF ENERGY A Football of mass 2.5 Kg is lifted up to the top of a cliff that is 180 m high .How much gravitational potential energy does the football gain ? 2. What is the kinetic energy of a 7500 N automobile , which is moving at 55m/s? 3. A hydroelectric power facility converts the gravitational potential energy of water behind a dam to electric energy. (a) What is the gravitational potential energy relative to the generators of a lake of volume 50.0 km3, ( 5.00 x 10 13 kg ) given that the lake has an average height of 40.0 m above the generators.
.Compare the kinetic energy of a 20,000-kg truck moving at 110 km/h with that of an 80.0-kg astronaut in orbit moving at 27,500 km/h.
Which do you think between two hand drills will do more work in 1 hour ?
