Hungarian military and police forces in African peacekeeping missions

1. HUNGARIAN MILITARY AND POLICE FORCES IN THE AFRICAN PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS 2018. 09. 06. Dr. BESENYŐ JÁNOS

2. AFRICAN OPERATIONS 1991 - 2018

3. WHY AFRICA? • The past: colonization; • continuous conflicts; • Poverty, migration; • African mineral treasure, economical possibilities, raw material dependency, arable land and water; • Interest of Super powers (USA, Russia, China, EU), and regional powers (Turkey, India, Brazil), rivalisation, „second scramble for Africa; • EU-NATO Security Strategy; • EU-NATO African Strategy; • Interest of Hungary.

5. AFRICA AND HUNGARY • Cold War area – strong Hungarian presence in the continent (Algerie, Libya, Angola, Mozambique, Ghana, Nigeria, etc.); • 1988 – 1989: first request from UN - agreement (Namibia, Angola, Mozambique, etc.), success – support from government and political parties, find a way, common interests; • From 1990: active participation in UN peacekeeping missions, more responsibilities, higher positions in the mission areas (MINURSO/Western Sahara: Major General Száraz György, UNMOGIP/Kashmir: Major General Bali József) and in New York HQ; • 1994-2000: depreciation of Africa in the Hungarian foreign politics, more cooperation with NATO and EU; • Withdraw from African missions, except MINURSO; • From 2003: EU interests in Africa, take part in various missions, push the new members (included Hungary) to participate, „second scramble for Africa,” No African policy in Hungary but join to the EU missions; • Revives interest towards the continent, formatting a new African policy, opening South.

6. NAMÍBIA/UNTAG • United Nations Transition Assistance Group/UNTAG ( Between April1989 – March 1990) • Mandate: • to assist the Special Representative of the Secretary-General to ensure the early independence of Namibia through free and fair elections under the supervision and control of the United Nations. • To convince that all hostile acts were ended; • troops were confined to base, and, in the case of the South Africans, ultimately withdrawn from Namibia; • all discriminatory laws were repealed, political prisoners were released, Namibian refugees were permitted to return, intimidation of any kind was prevented, law and order were impartially maintained. • Number of participants: 25 police officers and NCO’s

7. ANGOLA/UNAVEM II. • United Nations ANGOLA Verification Mission (UNAVEM-II) - Between June 1991 and February 1995 • Mandate: • Compliance with peace treaty • Cease Fire Supervision • Supervision of Angolan police • Election monitoring and results authentication • Mediation between the opposing parties • Number of participants: 42 military and police officers and NCO’s

8. MOZAMBIQUE/ONUMOZ • United Nations Operations in Mozambique (ONUMOZ) - December 1992 to December 1994 • Mandate: • Enforcement, monitoring the ceasefire signed by the government and RENAMO • Monitoring and support the withdrawal of foreign troops • Disarmament and weapon collection of various armed groups • Ensure the operation of United Nations and other international organizations • To help rebuild the infrastructure • Participation in the conduct of elections • Coordination of humanitarian activities, refugees • Number of participants: 52 military and police officers and NCO’s

9. LIBERIA/UNOMIL • The United Nations Observer Mission in Liberia (UNOMIL) between September 1993 and September 1997 • Mandate: • Enforcement of Cotonou agreement • Supervision of cease fire + ECOWAS support • Participation of the disarmament and demobilization process • Border police duties, elimination of smuggling • ECOMOG support, explosive ordnance disposal activities • Facilitate the work of the UN and other humanitarian organizations • Arranging and conducting the elections • Number of participants:Colonel Laszlo Forgacs, military advisor

10. UGANDA-RUANDA/UNOMUR • The United Nations Observer Mission Uganda-Rwanda (UNOMUR) between June 1993 to September 1994 • Mandate: • Border mission • Observation Hutu-Tutsi armed groups • Reducing smuggling, and arms trafficking • Prevent hostilities • Confidence-building activities • Conclusion and participation of the Arusha Peace Agreement • Number of participants: 4 military officers

11. ANGOLA/UNAVEM III. • United Nations ANGOLA Verification Mission (UNAVEM-III) -1995 between February and June 1997 • Mandate: • Enforcement of The Lusaka Agreement • Cease Fire Supervision • Assisting the construction of government administration • Transformation of UNITA armed group to political party • Dismantling and disarmament of the armed groups and the civilian population - DDR programs • Number of participants: around 20 military and police officers and NCO’s

12. ANGOLA/MONUA • United Nations Observer Missions in ANGOLA (MONUA) Between June 30th 1997 and February 26th 1999 • Mandate: • Control of the state government's reconstruction • To support and monitor the UNITA departments merge into the new government, the police forces, and the civilian life • Provisions of the ceasefire agreement, monitoring, enforcement • Weapons gathering and destruction • Ensure the human rights of the population, development of the civil society, support and develop the operation of a variety of non-governmental organizations • Support the work of humanitarian organizations to coordinate aid for the ones needed • Number of participants: 26 military and police officers and NCO’s

13. WESTERN-SAHARA/MINURSO • United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO) from 1991 to the present day • Mandate: • Ceasefire monitoring, demonstration of the presence of the United Nations, • Registering ceasefire violations between Moroccan forces and the Polisario Front • Monitoring number of armed groups, dislocation and any changes • Positioning mines, grenades and other explosives, inform the parties of the coordinates • Developing and maintaining good relations between the opposing parties • Number of participants: 6 people as a change quota – 106 military officer and 25 police officers and NCO’s

14. SIERRA LEONE/UNAMSIL • The United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone/UNAMSIL (from October 1999 – 2006) • Mandate: • To cooperate with the Government of Sierra Leone and the other parties to the Peace Agreement in the implementation of the Agreement and monitor the ceasefire; • To assist the Government of Sierra Leone in the implementation of the disarmament, demobilization and reintegration plan and provide security in and at all sites of DDR programme, and guard weapons, ammunition and other military equipment collected from ex-combatants and to assists in their subsequent disposal or destruction; • To encourage the parties to create confidence-building mechanisms and support their functioning; • To support the operations of United Nations civilian officials, including the Special Representative of the Secretary-General and his staff, human rights officers and civil affairs officers, and ensure the security and freedom of movement of United Nations personnel; • To provide security at key locations and Government buildings, in particular in Freetown, important intersections and major airports, including Lungi airport; • To facilitate the free flow of people, goods and humanitarian assistance along specified thoroughfares; • Number of participants: 1 police officer, Captain Varga Zoltán

15. IVORY COAST/ONUCI • United Nations Operation in Côte d’Ivoire/ONUCI (from April 2004 – June 2017) • Mandate: • to protect the civilian population from threat of physical violence and work closely with humanitarian agencies, particularly in relation to areas of tensions and with respect to the return of displaced persons; • to provide, by the Special Representative of the Secretary-General, good offices and political support for the efforts of the Ivorian authorities; • to address remaining security threats and border-related challenges; • to take part in the Disarmament, demobilization and reintegration programme (DDR) and collection of weapons and monitor the arms embargo; • to assist in the reconstitution and reform of security institutions; • to support for compliance with international humanitarian and human rights law; • to Support humanitarian assistance; • to protect United Nations personnel, installations and equipment, and ensure the security and freedom of movement of United Nations personnel. • Number of participants: 1 police officer, Captain Less Ferenc

16. CONGO/OPERATION ARTEMIS • European Union Force (EUFOR) Democratic Republic of the Congo/Operation ARTEMIS between June 7 2003 to September 12 2003 • Mandate: • Accordance with the United Nations Security Council Resolution 1484, and the EU BT 2003/432/CFSP no. resolution • Ituri province (Bunia) providing stability with a limited military operation, secure airport • Support of MONUC's activities • Perform security tasks (resolving conflict of Hema-Lendu) • Humanitarian activities, protection of refugees from Bunia • Number of participants: 1Staff Officer, Lt. Colonel Tomolya János (Operations Headquarters in Paris)

17. SUDAN-DARFUR/EU SUPPORT TO AMIS • EU Support Operation to AMIS (between June 2005 and December 2007) • Mandate: • Opearate and support AMIS II operation (taking into account the African "ownership") • Training African soldiers / specialized training • Organization and arrangement of tactical and strategic transport • Logistical support, consultation - Advisory Group • Police assistance • Participation in humanitarian programs • Number of participants: 2 military officers (Major Kajári Ferenc and Captain Besenyő János)

18. CONGO/EUSEC CONGO • EU Security Sector Reform Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (from June 2005 to May 2015) • Mandate: • The support of Congolese government • To promote safety and cooperation for the countries of the African Great Lakes region • Administrative and financial support for the military reform - Defence Sector transformation • Cooperation of EUPOL Congo RD Mission • Humanitarian activities • Number of participants: 11Armyf officers (Kinshasa and Bukavu)

19. CONGO/EUFOR RD CONGO • The EU Military Mission in Congo/EUFOR RD Congo (from July 2006 to November 20069 • Mandate: • Accordance with the United Nations Security Council Resolution 1671. ensure and help to organize the Congolese elections • Support of MONUC's activities • The support of Congolese and Gabonese government • Performance of safety functions • humanitarian Activities • Number of participants: 3 military officers (Potsdam - Operations Command)

20. CHAD/EUFOR CHAD • The EU's Chad / Central African Peace Operations (EUFOR CHAD / RCA (from March 2008 to March 2009) • Mandate: • Guaranteeing regional security, cooperation with - the United Nations, Chad, the Central African Republic and Sudan government bodies • Continue patrols activity • Protection of the civilian population and residents of refugee camps, ensuring the homecoming • The delivery of humanitarian relief supplies • Ensure the safety of international civilians • Number of participants: 4 military officers (Paris)

21. SOMALI/EU NAVFOR ATALANTA • EU NAVFOR Atalanta/EU Naval Operation in the Somali Republic (from December 2008 – October 2011) • Mandate: • Support for EU common defense and security policy • The fight against pirates, securing trade routes, defense of "civilian" ships • Escorting WFP and other humanitarian convoys • Support for AMISOM operations • Oversee the fishing in Somalian rivers • Number of participants: 2military NCO’s

22. SOMALI/EUTM SOMALIA • EU Training Mission Somalia/EUTM SOMALIA (from April 2010 - continuously) • Mandate: • Participation in th implementation of the Djibouti Agreement • Support for the Transitional Government and government agencies • Support Uganda - regional stability • Facilitate the operation of AMISOM • Somali government soldier training, preparation according to the UN Security Council Resolution 1872. • Number of participants:46military officers and NCO’s

23. LIBYA/EUFOR LIBYA • EU military operation in support of humanitarian assistance operations in Libya/EUFOR LIBYA (from April 2011 – November 2011) • Mandate: • contribute to the safe movement and evacuation of displaced persons, • support, with specific capabilities, the humanitarian agencies in their activities. • Planning and conduct of the operation shall be carried out in close cooperation and complementarity with the OCHA, which is coordinating the overall humanitarian response, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, and other actors • Number of participants: 2 military officers (Lt. Colonel Bognár Tamás, Lieutenant Makrai Zita)

24. LIBYA/NATO OUP • NATO Operation Unified Protector Libya/NATO OUP LIBYA (from August 2011 – November 2011) • Mandate: • to grant arms embargo; • to maintain a no-fly-zone; • to make actions to protect civilians from attack or the threat of attack; • Humanitarian assistance • Number of participants: 2 military officers (Captain Tóth Dezső and Captain Dajka Attila)

25. MALI/MINUSMA • Mission Multidimensionelle Intégrée des Nations Unis pour la Stabilisation au Mali/MINUSMA (from April 2013. – continuously) • Mandate: • to support the implementation of the Peace Agreement; • to support the implementation of the Agreement for Peace and Reconciliation in Mali, including support to the implementation of the political and institutional reforms provided for by the Agreement; • to provide Good offices, confidence-building and facilitation at the national and local levels; • to protect without prejudice to the primary responsibility of the Malian authorities, of civilians under imminent threat of physical violence and specific protection for women and children affected by armed conflict; • to assist the Malian authorities in their efforts to promote and protect human rights; • to support the Malian authorities, contributing to the creation of a secure environment for the safe, civilian-led delivery of humanitarian assistance; • To protect United Nations personnel, installations and equipment and ensuring the safety, security and freedom of movement of United Nations and associated personnel; • Number of participants: 1 police officer (advisor)

26. MALI/EUTM MALI • EU Training Mission MALI/EUTM MALI (from October 2012 –continuously) • 27 European countries, Headquarters in Bamako, but number of training places in the country side. • Planned: 15 months, 12.3 million Euros, almost 500 people (providing training and mission security staff) • Mandate: • Restore constitutional and democratic order in Mali through the implementation of a credible and consensual road map which foresees free, transparent and fair elections in 2013 and a framework for negotiations with armed groups rejecting terrorism • Re-establish the state’s authority throughout the country and redeploy it effectively in a context of peace and reconciliation between communities while respecting the rule of law and human rights • Neutralize organized crime and terrorist threats • Number of participants: 46 military officers and NCO’s

27. CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC/EUFOR RCA • European Union Military Operation in the Central African Republic/EUFOR RCA (January 2014 – March 2015) • Mandate: • To provided temporary support in achieving a safe and secure environment in the Bangui area, with a view to handing over to African partners; • to protect the populations most at risk; • to create the conditions for providing humanitarian aid/humanitarian assistance. • to provide help ti AU led peacekeeping mission (African-led International Support Mission to the Central African Republic/MISCA) and UN led mission (UN Integrated Peacebuilding Office in the Central African Republic/BINUCA) • The mission incorporated in the MINUSCA (March 2015) • Number of participants: 6 military officers

28. CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC/MINUSCA • United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in the Central African Republic/MINUSCA (from April 2014 – continuously) • Mandate: • to protect the civilians; • to provide good offices and support to the peace process, including national reconciliation, social cohesion and transitional justice; • to facilitate the creation of a secure environment for the immediate, full, safe and unhindered delivery of humanitarian assistance; • to protect the United Nations personnel, installations, equipment and goods and ensure the security and freedom of movement of United Nations and associated personnel; • to support for the extension of State authority, the deployment of security forces, and the preservation of territorial integrity; • To assist in the Security Sector Reform (SSR) ans the Disarmament, Demobilization, Reintegration (DDR) and Repatriation (DDRR); • To protect the human rights. • Number of participants: 21 military officers

29. EUFOR LIBYA Libya – pers.: 2 EUTM MALI Mali – pers.: 46 NATO OUP LIBYA Libya – pers.: 2 EUNAVFOR Atalanta Somalia – pers.: 2 EUTM SOMALIA Somalia – pers.: 46 Total of personnel: 440

34. CHALLANGES LESSONS LEARNED

35. TRAINING - EDUCATION • experiences and the new methods gained during the operations - change the attitude of the Hungarian Defence Forces and on long-term flexibly transformed its training system • Language training - Arabic, French - English (making useable) - "intermediary" or African languages (Swahili, Hausa, Zulu) • Processing and utilizing knowledge and experience gained in Africa • IT training • Mission-specific training - Country Study, Operation Environment - Cultural Knowledge, Human Terrain TEACHERS - TRAINERS!!!

36. MEDICAL • Malaria • HIV/AIDS • Water- and food-borne illnesses - Cholera, Hepatitis, Polio • Other tropical diseases - Yellow fever, Hepatitis B, Schistosomiasis, Filiariasis, Rift Valley fever, Sleeping sickness, Worm diseases, Fungal infection, Viral meningitis, Snakes and other poisonous animals • Mental illnesses • Question of Conditioning and Leave!!!

37. OTHER • Benefits and employment allowance • Clothing • Communication technology and equipment • Family support system

38. SUGGESTIONS • Language training courses ASAP • Country and conflict analysis with the involvement of those who have already served in Africa, and the preparation of training materials • Create a BOK (body of knowledge) with the participation of governmental and non-governmental organizations, universities and “civilian” researchers • Change and reorganize salary control module of the peacekeeping service (increase the stipend) • Establish a proper and working Family Support System in the HDF

39. RESULTS - PLANS • to set up the Hungarian Defence Forces General Staff Scientific Research Centre • Stronger cooperation with outsider researchers and trainee’s • Published documents: Country Study of Somalia (2. edition), Country Study of Chad, Country Study of Democratic Republic of Congo, Country Study of Libya, Country Study of Egypt (2. edition), Country Study of Mali, Country Study of Central African Republic (Hungarian and French versions), Country Study of Morocco and Western Sahara, African separatist and terrorist organization, Forecast of Hungarian Defence Forces in 2020, and other two conference paper (Mediterranean and Africa) • Planned documents to publish: Country Study of Ethiopia, Country Study of Zimbabwe, Country Study of Tunisia, Country Study of Nigeria, Hungarian soldiers and police forces in the UN mission ONUMOZ (Mozambique)

41. POSSIBLE APPLICATION IN THE NEAR FUTURE

42. AFRICAN CONFLICTS Etnikai régiókon belül Országokon belül

43. REASONS OF THE CONFLICTS • bad governance, lack of democracy, power sharing; • Ethnic rivalrization, ethnical – national contrary, no national identity, heterogenus society; • Sharing economic and financial resources, land issue, water, natural resources, food security, etc.; • Deteriorating economic environment, poverty; • Climate changes, drought, desertification; • demographic explosion, overpopulation, migration;

44. POSSIBLE CONFLICTS I. • Egypt, Sudan, Ethiopia (Nile)/ Guinea, Mali, Niger (Niger)/Zambia, Zimbabwe (Zambezi)/ Senegal, Mauritania (Senegal river)- water sharing/water conflicts; • Libya: power sharing, ethnic conflicts, oil; • Chad; power sharing, ethnic conflicts, Union des Forces pour la Democratie et Developpement (UFDD), Rassemblement des Forces pour la Changement (RFC) • Nigeria; Christian – Muslim contrary (Boko Haram), power sharing, oil, secession efforts of Niger Delta (Movement for the Emancipation of the Nigeria Delta – MEND); • Mali; (Azawad), AQIM; • Niger; Nigeriaen Movement for Justice (MNJ), secession efforts of tuaregs, AQIM; • Etióphy – region of Ogaden (Ogaden National Liberation Front -Somalia), border dispute with Eritrea • Somalia - transitional government, warlords, Muslim terrorist organizations, piracy, ethnic conflicts, clans, droughts, economic difficulties, etc.

45. POSIBLE CONFLICTS II. • Democratic Republic of the Congo – ethnic and economic problems, provinces of Kivu and Ituri, warlords; • Zimbabwe – post time of Mugabe (ZANU-PF), ethnic and economic problems; • Sudan, South-Sudan – Abyei, oil, contested borders, Christian – Muslim contrary, ethnic divisions (Dinka, Nuer, etc.) water sharing, power sharing; • Bissau-Guinea – drug trafficking, weak state; • Egypt – Copt - Muslim contrary, radical Islam, terrorism, economic problems; • Burundi – conflicts between government and Hutu’s lead Forces for National Liberation (FNL); • Central African Republic: conflicts between government, the Rebel Union of Democratic Forces of Unity (UFDR), and Rebel Popular Army for the Restoration of the Republic (APRD), Christian – Muslim contrary; • Further problematics countries: Ivory Coast, Liberia, Guinea, Sierra-Leone, Cameroon, Malawi, Uganda, Angola, Burkina Faso, Senegal.

47. THE HUMAN FREEDOM INDEX 2017

49. GLOBAL PEACE INDEX 2018

50. FRAGILE STATES INDEX 2017