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Fast-Track Surgery

Fast-Track Surgery. Maggie Gordon, R2 October 2, 2007. Fast-Track Surgery. What is fast-track surgery?. Basic Concept. Early recovery of organ function for better outcomes. Kehlet H, Wilmore DW. Am J Surg. 183: 630, 2002. Basic Concept. Pre-op patient education

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Fast-Track Surgery

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  1. Fast-Track Surgery Maggie Gordon, R2 October 2, 2007

  2. Fast-Track Surgery What is fast-track surgery?

  3. Basic Concept Early recovery of organ function for better outcomes Kehlet H, Wilmore DW. Am J Surg. 183: 630, 2002

  4. Basic Concept • Pre-op patient education • New techniques: anaesthetic, analgesic, surgical • Reduce: stress, pain, discomfort • Aggressive post-op rehab • Use same D/C criteria as traditional care Kehlet H, Sawyer F. Fast Track Surgery, ACS Surgery: Principles & Practice

  5. Goals • Lower risk, better outcome • Accelerate recovery • Reduce morbidity, complications (pulmonary, cardiac, thromboembolic, infectious) • Shorten convalescence Kehlet H, Sawyer F. Fast Track Surgery, ACS Surgery: Principles & Practice

  6. Literature Search • Web of Science • Topic = fast track AND colon* • 2002-present • English articles and reviews • Found 35 articles about colon surgery available from McMaster library • 3 reviews • 1 consensus statement found in citations

  7. Fast-Track Surgery What should we do pre-operatively?

  8. Patient Education • Tell patients what to expect • Improves patient collaboration with team •  anxiety •  analgesia needs • Tell patients their role in recovery • Optimize patients medically • Including smoking, EtOH cessation Fearon KC, et al. Clin Nutr. 24: 466, 2005 Kehlet H, Wilmore DW. Am J Surg. 183: 630, 2002

  9. No Pre-Op Bowel Prep • Bowel prep →  anastomotic dehiscence • (Recommendations not clear yet for low anterior resections) Soop M, et al. Curr Opin Crit Care. 12: 166, 2006 Wind J, et al. Br J Surg. 93: 800, 2006

  10. Limited Fasting • Solids until 6 hours before surgery • Clear fluids until 2 hours before surgery • Safe • Beneficial • Carbohydrate-loaded liquid pre-op •  post-op catabolism •  insulin resistance,  hyperglycemia •  muscle loss Fearon KC, et al. Clin Nutr. 24: 466, 2005 Soop M, et al. Curr Opin Crit Care. 12: 166, 2006 Wind J, et al. Br J Surg. 93: 800, 2006

  11. Prophylactic Antibiotics • Single dose immediately pre-op • Anaerobes • Aerobes Kehlet H, Wilmore DW. Am J Surg. 183: 630, 2002

  12. No Routine Pre-medication • Anxiolytics only when absolutely necessary • No pre-emptive analgesia Fearon KC, et al. Clin Nutr. 24: 466, 2005

  13. VTE Prophylaxis • Pre-op heparin • Heparin q12h until fully mobilizing • TEDS Fearon KC, et al. Clin Nutr. 24: 466, 2005

  14. Fast-Track Surgery What should we do intra-operatively?

  15. Anaesthesia • Best anaesthetics and opiods: • Rapid-onset • Short-acting • Maximize use of regional anaesthesia • Spinal / epidural better than general anaesthetic • Post-op epidural (controversial?) Kehlet H, Sawyer F. Fast Track Surgery, ACS Surgery: Principles & Practice

  16. Less Invasive Surgery • Smaller incisions • Curved, transverse incisions? • Laparoscopic •  inflammatory response •  pulmonary function •  length-of-stay? Fearon KC, et al. Clin Nutr. 24: 466, 2005 Kehlet H, Wilmore DW. Am J Surg. 183: 630, 2002

  17. Maintain Normothermia • Mild hypothermia •  wound infection •  blood loss •  cardiac events • Core temperature monitoring • Bair huggers • Warmed IV fluids Fearon KC, et al. Clin Nutr. 24: 466, 2005 Kehlet H, Wilmore DW. Am J Surg. 183: 630, 2002

  18. Avoid Fluid Overload • Fluid overload → •  ileus • “major and minor morbidity” •  length of stay Soop M, et al. Curr Opin Crit Care. 12: 166, 2006 Wind J, et al. Br J Surg. 93: 800, 2006

  19. Pharmacologic Intervention • Glucocorticoid •  inflammation •  nausea, vomiting •  pain • Beta-blockers •  cardiac morbidity • Anabolic agents • Studies inconclusive Kehlet H, Sawyer F. Fast Track Surgery, ACS Surgery: Principles & Practice

  20. Fast-Track Surgery What should we do post-operatively?

  21. Avoid Drains • JP drains • Do not use routinely (except post-mastectomy) • NG tubes • Do not use routinely • Foleys • Do not use routinely • D/C after 24h (even with epidural in place) Kehlet H, Wilmore DW. Am J Surg. 183: 630, 2002

  22. Early Activity •  muscle loss •  thromboembolism •  pulmonary function •  tissue oxygenation Kehlet H, Sawyer F. Fast Track Surgery, ACS Surgery: Principles & Practice

  23. Early Activity • Environment should encourage independence • Out of bed x 2h on day of surgery • Out of bed x 6h every day after Soop M, et al. Curr Opin Crit Care. 12: 166, 2006

  24. Early Feeding •  infection,  gut permeability •  hospital stay •  catabolism • No  dehiscence Soop M, et al. Curr Opin Crit Care. 12: 166, 2006 Kehlet H, Wilmore DW. Am J Surg. 183: 630, 2002

  25. Early Feeding • Start clear fluids 2h post-op • Aim > 800mL fluids on day of surgery • DAT 4h post-op • Routine nutritional supplements •  IV appropriately, avoid fluid overload, aim D/C IV on POD#1 Soop M, et al. Curr Opin Crit Care. 12: 166, 2006 Kehlet H, Wilmore DW. Am J Surg. 183: 630, 2002

  26. Prevent Nausea and Vomiting • Ondansetron, droperidol, dexamethasone • Anti-emetic polypharmacy? • Minimize narcotics • O2 • Useless: metoclopramide Kehlet H, Wilmore DW. Am J Surg. 183: 630, 2002 Kehlet H, Sawyer F. Fast Track Surgery, ACS Surgery: Principles & Practice

  27. Prevent Ileus •  ileus with post-op epidural • Avoid • Narcotics • Fluid overload • Mg supplements • Control medically: novel peripherally acting opioid antagonist (alvimopan) • Continue feeding Soop M, et al. Curr Opin Crit Care. 12: 166, 2006 Kehlet H, Sawyer F. Fast Track Surgery, ACS Surgery: Principles & Practice

  28. Routine Laxatives, Pro-kinetics • Suggested in a few studies Wind J, et al. Br J Surg. 93: 800, 2006

  29. Optimize Analgesia • Critical for • Mobilization • Oral intake •  stress response • Epidural x 2d • Multi-modal: NSAIDs, routine acetaminophen • APS Soop M, et al. Curr Opin Crit Care. 12: 166, 2006 Kehlet H, Wilmore DW. Am J Surg. 183: 630, 2002 Kehlet H, Sawyer F. Fast Track Surgery, ACS Surgery: Principles & Practice

  30. Routine Oxygen •  sats ← • Anaesthetic effects • Supine position → pulmonary function • Sleep disturbances • Routine O2 administration → •  nausea, vomiting •  infection •  HR • confusion Kehlet H, Wilmore DW. Am J Surg. 183: 630, 2002

  31. Continue Medications • Continue with patient’s home meds Kehlet H, Wilmore DW. Am J Surg. 183: 630, 2002

  32. Nursing • Nurses good resource for psychological support • Early oral intake • Early mobilization • Self-care • Care maps with daily goals are useful Kehlet H, Sawyer F. Fast Track Surgery, ACS Surgery: Principles & Practice

  33. Discharge Planning • Usual criteria • Adequate pain control with oral analgesia • Taking solid foods • No IV fluids • Independently mobile • Patient willing to go home Soop M, et al. Curr Opin Crit Care. 12: 166, 2006

  34. Discharge Planning • Goals •  readmissions •  patient safety •  patient satisfaction • Outline for patient • Expected recovery time course • Recommendations • Encourage oral nutrition, mobilization Kehlet H, Sawyer F. Fast Track Surgery, ACS Surgery: Principles & Practice

  35. Follow Up • Structured follow-up plan • Phone call: 1-2d • Out-patient clinic: 7-10d • Phone call: 30d • Pathways for prompt readmission when necessary • Symptom relief • Overnight stay Soop M, et al. Curr Opin Crit Care. 12: 166, 2006

  36. Fast-Track Surgery What are the outcomes?

  37. Interventions, Outcomes Wind J, et al. Br J Surg. 93: 800, 2006

  38. Primary Hospital Stay Wind J, et al. Br J Surg. 93: 800, 2006

  39. Readmission Wind J, et al. Br J Surg. 93: 800, 2006

  40. Morbidity Wind J, et al. Br J Surg. 93: 800, 2006

  41. Gut Function • Fast-track → •  NGT • Faster BM • Earlier DAT Wind J, et al. Br J Surg. 93: 800, 2006

  42. Fast-Track Surgery What is the punchline?

  43. What is Most Important? • Education, education, education • Patient: pre- and post-op • Care team • Collaboration, collaboration, collaboration • Surgeons • Anaesthetists, APS team: intra- and post-op • Nurses • Physiotherapists

  44. Fast-track surgery Summary

  45. Discussion

  46. Discussion • Article lacking specific definitions • “Early” oral intake, mobilization • Hard to do randomized trials in ethical manner • Critical pathways • Part of fast-track surgery • Good enough on their own? • Hospital stays decreasing without formal adoption of “fast track” notion Kehlet H, Sawyer F. Fast Track Surgery, ACS Surgery: Principles & Practice

  47. Discussion • Cost / burden of care - transfer from surgical team to: • Emergency department • Family physicians • Home care, rehab, etc. • Family? Early recovery of organ function Kehlet H, Sawyer F. Fast Track Surgery, ACS Surgery: Principles & Practice

  48. Discussion • Do we really need formality of “fast-track surgery”, or are we doing it already? • Need evidence • Should we adopt • Routine dexamethasone use? • Ondansetron instead of Gravol? • Low threshold for beta-blocker use? • Pre-op carbohydrates? • Routine O2 Kehlet H, Sawyer F. Fast Track Surgery, ACS Surgery: Principles & Practice

  49. Evidence

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