2

1. ???????? ?? ??????????? ??? 2 ???????????? ???????

2. ????????? ?????????? ??????? ????

3. 2 ??? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ???? nucleoid ?? nucleus ????? ?? ?? ?? ???? (= ?????? ???? ????) ??????? ? ????? ???????: ?? ???????? nucleoid ?? ????????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???. ?? ??????? ?? ??? ????? (???? ????????) ????????? ???? ??????. ?? ??????? ?? ???? (nucleus) ???? ???? ???? ????? ??? eukaryote ???? ?????? (?? ?????? eu ?? ???? �?????� ? karyote ?? ???? �????� ???.)

4. ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ? ???? ????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ??????: ?????? ??????? ????? ? ?????? ???? ????? ??? 5 ?? 10 ?????? ???. ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ??? 1 ?? 2 ?????? ?????. ???????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?? ??? mycoplasmas ?????? ?? ????? ??? 200 ??????? ?? ????.

5. ????? ??????? ??????? ????

6. ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?????: ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????. ?????? ???????

8. ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????:

9. ?????????? Archae ? Bacteria ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?? ?? ????? ???????: Aerobic Obligate/strict Anaerobic Obligate/strict Facultative

10. ?????????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ? ?????

11. ??? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ????: Escherichia coli K12 or E.coli K12

12. ??????? ?????????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??????????? ????: Spirilla (spirals) Cocci (spheres) Bacilli (rods) ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ????. ??????? ???? ????? (motile) ???? ????? ?? 2 ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? (binary fission)

13. 3 ??? ????????

14. ????? ?????????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???? e.g. Acetic acid bacteria, Enteric or coliform bacteria (e,g, E. coli), Pseudomonads, Rhizobium, Rhodospirillum, Zymomonas ??? ???? e.g. Bacillus, Clostridium, Corynebacterium, Lactic acid bacteria ????? e.g. Mycoplasma

15. ????? ?????????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ????? (endospore): Bacillus Clostridium

16. ????? ?????????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? Cyanobacteria blue-green algae Anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria the purple and green bacteria

17. Actinomycetes ??? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????. ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????????

18. Archaebacteria ????? ???? ??????????? ??????. ????? ?????????? ?? RNA ???????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????????? ????. ????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ?? ?????????? ? ????????? ???? ?????? ???. ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????. ????: Methanogens Thermoacidophiles halobacteria

19. ???????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????

20. ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????

21. ?????? ??????? ?????????? ???)??????? ?????? ?) ?????

24. ????? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ? ??????? (?????) ??????? ?? ????? (??????)

25. ???????? ?????? ??? 4 ?????? ?? 1 ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??????: ?????? ?? ?? ???? ???? (flagella) ???? ???????. E.g Trypanosomes ?????? ?? ?? ???? cilia ???? ???????. E.g ciliates ???? ??? cytoplasmic streaming ???? ???????. E.g. amoebae ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????. E.g. sporozoans

26. ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????????? ? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? (????? ??????? ? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???) ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????. ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ?????. E.g. diatoms ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????????? ???? ?????. ?? ???? ?? ????? ???? ? ????? SCP ??????? ?? ??? E.g. Chloreila, Scenedesmus, Spirullina, Dunaliella

27. ?????? ??????? ????? ??????: ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ? ??? ?????????? ???? ????? ??? ???.

28. ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? Phycomycetes Algae-like fungi Ascomycetes E.g. the genera Neurospora and Aspergillus Basidiomycetes E.g. mushrooms Deutromycetes (Fungi imperfecti) E.g. Trichophyton (pathogenic fungi)

29. ????? ??????:?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ? ?????? ???? ??????. ?????? ?????: Asexual (budding and fission) Sexual Conjugation of two haploid cell to form a zygote followed by division to form ascospores

30. ????? ???? ? ??????? ??????

31. ????? ??????: ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ( ????????? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ????) ???? ??????? ????? ? ?????? ???? ??????. ???? ??? ??? ?????: E.g. Aspergillus, Penicillium

32. ?????? ???????? ?????

33. ??? 2 ???? ??? ????? ???

34. ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????. ?? ??? ??????? ??????????? ???????? (?? ?????? 0.01 ?? 0.25 ??????) ?? ??????? ??????? ? ??????? ????? ???????. ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????? (??????? ???? ????? ?????)

35. ???? ????? ??????? ???? Lysogenic ???? Lytic

36. ????? ???? Lytic????: ?????? Lytic ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? DNA ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ????????? ?? DNA ???? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ? DNA ??? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ??????????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???????

37. ???? ???? Lytic

38. ???? Lysogenic ?? ??? ???? DNA ????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? (?? ???????? ?? ?? Prophage ????????)