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Understanding Cellular Structures: Nucleoid vs. Nucleus in Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes

This article delves into the fundamental differences between the nucleoid found in prokaryotic cells and the nucleus present in eukaryotic cells. It explores the structure, function, and significance of these essential components in cell biology. The discussion includes various cell types, such as mycoplasmas, eukaryotes, and prokaryotes, and highlights their reproductive methods and metabolic capabilities. By understanding these cellular elements, readers gain insight into the complexities of life at the microscopic level.

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Understanding Cellular Structures: Nucleoid vs. Nucleus in Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes

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    1. ???????? ?? ??????????? ??? 2 ???????????? ???????

    2. ????????? ?????????? ??????? ????

    3. 2 ??? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ???? nucleoid ?? nucleus ????? ?? ?? ?? ???? (= ?????? ???? ????) ??????? ? ????? ???????: ?? ???????? nucleoid ?? ????????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???. ?? ??????? ?? ??? ????? (???? ????????) ????????? ???? ??????. ?? ??????? ?? ???? (nucleus) ???? ???? ???? ????? ??? eukaryote ???? ?????? (?? ?????? eu ?? ???? ????? ? karyote ?? ???? ???? ???.)

    4. ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ? ???? ????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ??????: ?????? ??????? ????? ? ?????? ???? ????? ??? 5 ?? 10 ?????? ???. ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ??? 1 ?? 2 ?????? ?????. ???????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?? ??? mycoplasmas ?????? ?? ????? ??? 200 ??????? ?? ????.

    5. ????? ??????? ??????? ????

    6. ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?????: ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????. ?????? ???????

    8. ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????:

    9. ?????????? Archae ? Bacteria ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?? ?? ????? ???????: Aerobic Obligate/strict Anaerobic Obligate/strict Facultative

    10. ?????????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ? ?????

    11. ??? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ????: Escherichia coli K12 or E.coli K12

    12. ??????? ?????????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??????????? ????: Spirilla (spirals) Cocci (spheres) Bacilli (rods) ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ????. ??????? ???? ????? (motile) ???? ????? ?? 2 ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? (binary fission)

    13. 3 ??? ????????

    14. ????? ?????????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???? e.g. Acetic acid bacteria, Enteric or coliform bacteria (e,g, E. coli), Pseudomonads, Rhizobium, Rhodospirillum, Zymomonas ??? ???? e.g. Bacillus, Clostridium, Corynebacterium, Lactic acid bacteria ????? e.g. Mycoplasma

    15. ????? ?????????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ????? (endospore): Bacillus Clostridium

    16. ????? ?????????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? Cyanobacteria blue-green algae Anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria the purple and green bacteria

    17. Actinomycetes ??? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????. ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????????

    18. Archaebacteria ????? ???? ??????????? ??????. ????? ?????????? ?? RNA ???????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????????? ????. ????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ?? ?????????? ? ????????? ???? ?????? ???. ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????. ????: Methanogens Thermoacidophiles halobacteria

    19. ???????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????

    20. ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????

    21. ?????? ??????? ?????????? ???)??????? ?????? ?) ?????

    24. ????? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ? ??????? (?????) ??????? ?? ????? (??????)

    25. ???????? ?????? ??? 4 ?????? ?? 1 ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??????: ?????? ?? ?? ???? ???? (flagella) ???? ???????. E.g Trypanosomes ?????? ?? ?? ???? cilia ???? ???????. E.g ciliates ???? ??? cytoplasmic streaming ???? ???????. E.g. amoebae ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????. E.g. sporozoans

    26. ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????????? ? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? (????? ??????? ? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???) ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????. ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ?????. E.g. diatoms ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????????? ???? ?????. ?? ???? ?? ????? ???? ? ????? SCP ??????? ?? ??? E.g. Chloreila, Scenedesmus, Spirullina, Dunaliella

    27. ?????? ??????? ????? ??????: ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ? ??? ?????????? ???? ????? ??? ???.

    28. ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? Phycomycetes Algae-like fungi Ascomycetes E.g. the genera Neurospora and Aspergillus Basidiomycetes E.g. mushrooms Deutromycetes (Fungi imperfecti) E.g. Trichophyton (pathogenic fungi)

    29. ????? ??????:?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ? ?????? ???? ??????. ?????? ?????: Asexual (budding and fission) Sexual Conjugation of two haploid cell to form a zygote followed by division to form ascospores

    30. ????? ???? ? ??????? ??????

    31. ????? ??????: ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ( ????????? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ????) ???? ??????? ????? ? ?????? ???? ??????. ???? ??? ??? ?????: E.g. Aspergillus, Penicillium

    32. ?????? ???????? ?????

    33. ??? 2 ???? ??? ????? ???

    34. ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????. ?? ??? ??????? ??????????? ???????? (?? ?????? 0.01 ?? 0.25 ??????) ?? ??????? ??????? ? ??????? ????? ???????. ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????? (??????? ???? ????? ?????)

    35. ???? ????? ??????? ???? Lysogenic ???? Lytic

    36. ????? ???? Lytic ????: ?????? Lytic ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? DNA ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ????????? ?? DNA ???? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ? DNA ??? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ??????????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???????

    37. ???? ???? Lytic

    38. ???? Lysogenic ?? ??? ???? DNA ????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? (?? ???????? ?? ?? Prophage ????????)

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