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Mayer - World History - The New Politics
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The New Politics(Government in the 1800’s) (1776-1914)
What? • The new era of politics in the 1800’s deals with the spread of democracy on a world-wide scale, the changes it causes in existing governments, and new forms of government that grow out of its spread. • When? • Begins with the American Revolution and continues into the modern day. • Where? • The spread of democracy and the new political changes it brings take place world-wide. • Who? • As the ideas of the Age of Revolutions spread to the rest of the world. The populations of those countries must deal with the consequences.
WORD WALL liberalconservativesuffrage nation state nationalism union communism socialism
Learning Goal • Students will be able to identify the difference between liberal and conservative political beliefs and explain how those beliefs apply to modern day issues.
Conservatism vs. Liberalism • After the political revolutions of the late 1700’s and early 1800’s, a new type of government begins to spread world-wide; democracy. • Because of the success of the American and Latin American Revolutions, and the disaster of the French Revolution many people are split on their opinions of democracy and limited governments. • People begin to align themselves with one of two political beliefs; liberalism or conservatism.
Conservatism - a political philosophy based on tradition and social stability, stressing established institutions, and preferring gradual development to sudden change.
Conservatism vs. Liberalism • Conservatismis the political belief that traditional ways of doing things should be maintained. This included monarchies, absolute government, and no sharing of power with the people. • People who believed in conservatism were called conservatives. They favored keeping the existing absolute governments, promoting a powerful church to maintain stability, and keeping money in the hands of the wealthy. • Most conservatives included • - the nobility • - the clergy • - business owners (factory/railroad owners and builders) • - anyone who wanted to maintain the old way of government
Liberalism - a political philosophy based on belief in individual freedom, protection of political and civil rights, and social equality.
Conservatism vs. Liberalism • Liberalismis the belief that people should be as free from government interference as possible, and that government’s purpose was to protect the rights of all citizens. Liberalism also believed in equal and fair treatment for all and the sharing of power in government. • People who believed in liberalism were called liberals. They favored limited government, religious tolerance, and the use of suffrage to make groups equal. • Most liberals included • - the middle class (small professionals like doctors, lawyers, etc) • - the working class (factory and farm workers) • - the poor (unemployed and homeless) • - minorities
Conservatism vs. Liberalism Reflection Questions • In your own words describe the difference between liberalism and conservatism. • How would a liberal feel about a topic such as same sex marriage? How do you think a conservative would feel about it? • Write a sentence describing how you feel about the following political topics: • Should same sex marriage be legal? • Should there be laws banning people from owning certain types of guns? • Should the government provide welfare and food stamp programs to the poor? • Should states be allowed to use the death penalty? • After you write, go back and re-read what you wrote. Would you say that you are more liberal or more conservative? Reflect in 100 words on which you think you are and why based on the sentences you wrote.
Learning Scale 4 –I can explain the difference between liberal and conservative beliefs in politics and how those beliefs apply to modern day issues, and give examples of those beliefs. 3 –I can explain the difference between liberal and conservative beliefs in politics and how those beliefs apply to modern day issues. 2 – I can explain the difference between liberal and conservative beliefs in politics but not how those beliefs apply to modern day issues. 1 – I can’t explain the difference between liberal and conservative beliefs in politics or how those beliefs apply to modern day issues.
Learning Goal • Students will be able to define nationalism and explain how nationalism can be used in both a positive and a negative manner.
Nationalism • One of the most important and biggest political movements of the 1800’s is the rise of nationalism. • Nationalism – the strong belief and promotion of one’s nation or cultural group above all others, and often times in opposition to all others. • Nationalism is a liberal idea that begins after the French Revolution. Rather than loyalty to a large empire and king who does not represent them, people begin to feel their loyalty belongs to their nation. • Nationalism promoted the idea that your own nation was superior to all other nations, and that pride in your nation and loyalty to your nation was most important.
An Important Difference Nation- a community of people who share a common language, culture, ethnicity, descent, or history. State- a body of people occupying a definite territory, organized by political boundaries and a common government. Remember, one is not necessarily the other.
Nationalism • Negatives of Nationalism • States and governments use nationalism as a way to whip up support for aggression towards other nations and states. • Nationalism would become a favorite way to promote war between states. • Nationalism was used to provoke war between the United States and Spain in 1898, France and Prussia in 1870, Prussia and Austria in 1866, and numerous other conflicts.
Nationalism • Positives of Nationalism • Feelings of nationalism encouraged people that each nation, or nationality, should have the right to govern themselves. • Became a problem for the major empires in Europe and the rest of the world. Most were absolute monarchies; • Several different cultural groups; held together by one government with a strong military. • Nationalism led to movements to gain independence from these empires. • Greeks, Bulgarians, Serbians, Romanians vs Ottoman Empire from 1820 – 1908. Ireland vs Great Britain from 1830 – 1916. Bosnians and Hungarians vs Austrian Empire in 1848 and 1860. Confederacy vs United States from 1861-1864. Polish and Lithuanians vs Russian Empire in 1830 and 1863.
Nationalism • Positives of Nationalism • Nationalism was also used in numerous places to promote unity between cultural groups that had been separated by political boundaries. • In the early 1800’s there was no state known as Germany or Italy, even though there were millions of people in Europe who considered themselves German or Italian. The land and people were divided into numerous small kingdoms. • In the 1800’s German and Italian nationalism led to movements for unification of the Italian and German people. • In Germany the movement was led by the chancellor of Prussia, Otto Von Bismarck; while in Italy it was lead by the king of Piedmont, Victor Emmanuel II and his prime minister Camilio de Cavour. Through negotiation and warfare, both Italy and Germany were unified by 1871.
Essential Question • What is the definition of nationalism? • The definition of nationalism is ______________________________.
Essential Question • How can nationalism be used in a positive manner? • Nationalism can be used in a positive manner by _______________________. • Elaboration • Evidence • 1. • 2.
Essential Question • How can nationalism be used in a negative manner? • Nationalism can be used in a negative manner by _______________________. • Elaboration • Evidence • 1. • 2.
Learning Scale 4 –I am able to define nationalism in their own words, recall how nationalism affected politics and government in the 1800’s, and explain how nationalism can be used in both a positive and a negative manner. 3 –I am able to define nationalism in their own words, recall how nationalism affected politics and government in the 1800’s, but not explain how nationalism can be used in both a positive and a negative manner. 2 – I am not able to define nationalism in their own words, but I can recall how nationalism affected politics and government in the 1800’s and explain how nationalism can be used in both a positive and a negative manner. 1 – I am not able to define nationalism in their own words, recall how nationalism affected politics and government in the 1800’s, and explain how nationalism can be used in both a positive and a negative manner.
Learning Goal • Students will be able to identify the purpose of political parties and unions and these groups’ affects on politics in the 1800’s.
Political Parties & Unions • Political Parties • As democracy spreads more people need a way to have their voices heard. People with similar ideas and beliefs band together to form political parties. These political parties allow groups to meet, organize, and promote their political causes. • Brings people with similar beliefs together. Can use their numbers to make changes in laws and the government. Stood a better chance of making changes that benefitted their groups. • Political parties come in different shapes and sizes and have all different types of causes that they represent. But, there are two main types:
Political Parties & Unions • Ideological parties – parties that represent a certain set of beliefs about all issues; economic, social, and political. • Examples: Republican Party, Democratic Party • Single issue parties – parties that represent one single issue • Examples: The Right to Life Party(fights against abortion), L.C.A. (Legalize Cannabis Alliance) • Top single issue parties in 1800’s - social reform parties. • Social reform parties were political parties that formed specifically to change or fix problems affecting the poor and working class. Due to the Industrial Revolution their were numerous issues for them to address. • Become powerful during the 1800’s because majority of the population is middle and working class. Win many political battles and force creation of laws to help the less fortunate.
Political Parties & Unions • Examples of Social Reform laws: • The Factory Acts (Great Britain, 1833, 1847, 1856, 1871, 1901)– Reduced the amount of hours children could work to 8 per day and women could work to 10 per day. Required all children to attend public school until the age of 11. Restricted the working age to 12. Required employers to give employees breaks for meals. Required business owners to cover machinery for safety and provide fire escapes and exits. • Public Health Act (Great Britain, 1875) – Required all residential buildings to provide running water and sewage. Created Boards of Health for each city in Britain to inspect and fix living conditions. Created the first standards for food and water inspection. • Emancipation Proclamation, 13th Amendment , & 14th Amendment (United States, 1863 & 1865) – Freed all slaves in the United States and gave all minority men the right to vote in U.S. elections.
Political Parties & Unions • 19th Amendment (United States, 1920) – Gave women the right to vote in the United States. • Representation of the People Act (Great Britain, 1928)– Gave women the right to vote in Great Britain. • Pure Food and Drug Act (United States, 1906) – Created the Food and Drug Administration which created standards for food production and sanitation and created inspections for all food industries. • New York State Tenement Act (United States, 1901) – Created building standards in New York and condemned all previous unfit housing. Required windows in all rooms, running water in all homes, and proper ventilation for all apartments.
Political Parties & Unions • Trade Unions • Success of political parties convinces workers in many industries began to form trade unions. • Trade unions - groups of workers in a particular industry united to protect themselves and their rights. • Because of massive population increase, there were millions of workers but not always enough jobs. Allowed business owners to treat employees as disposable objects. First trade unions formed in the 1790 to protest mistreatment of employees by business owners. • These protests, such as sit-ins, strikes, sabotage, and picket lines, forced business owners to give in to workers demands in order to get their businesses back up and running.
Political Parties & Unions • However, not all business owners gave in to these worker demands. • Hire new workers at lower rates; led to fights between new and ex employees. • Hired strike-breakers; paid thugs whose job was to intimidate workers to get back on the job. • Would use violence to break up the workers. • After several famous incidents where strike-breakers went too far and some workers are injured and even killed, public opinion turned in favor of the unions. • Lawmakers began to force business owners to provide fair and safe working conditions for employees.
Atlantic Bell telephone operators on picket line. - Philadelphia, 1899
New York factory workers fighting strike-breakers. - New York City, 1934
Chicago sanitation workers battling strike-breakers and police. - Chicago, 1923
Essential Question • What is the purpose of political parties and unions? • The purpose of political parties and unions is ____________________________.
Essential Question • How did political parties and unions affect politics in the 1800’s? • Political parties and unions affected politics in the 1800’s by ________________________________. • Elaboration • Evidence • 1. • 2.
Learning Scale 4 – I can explain the purpose of political parties and unions and how these groups affected politics in the 1800’salong with specific examples. 3 –I can explain the purpose of political parties and unions and how these groups affected politics in the 1800’s. 2 – I can explain the purpose of political parties and unions but not how these groups affected politics in the 1800’s. 1 – I can’t explain the purpose of political parties and unions or how these groups affected politics in the 1800’s.
Learning Goal • Students will be able to describe the basic principles of communism and socialism and explain the difference between them.
Communism & Socialism • Even with the victories of social reform parties, many people still live in complete poverty while a small group of conservatives have most of the wealth and power. • Some people begin to propose ultra-liberal, radical changes in government. For some, even a limited monarchy or democracy does not provide full equality for all people. • This leads to the creation of two new economic systems: • Socialism • Communism
Communism & Socialism • Socialism – a social and economic system in which every member of a state gets equal say in all decisions, and all property and wealth is divided evenly amongst everyone as a state. • Socialism is created by Robert Owen in England in 1830. • Owen believed that the main cause of human problems was greed. In his mind if there were no rich and no poor, human suffering would be eliminated. • Owen believed that the best way for people to advance was to eliminate rich and poor and everyone worked towards common, democratically elected goals.
Communism & Socialism • In socialism, all members of a community would work towards goals that were voted on by every member equally. In order to eliminate greed, all property and wealth would be shared equally amongst everyone and private property would be eliminated. Everything that the community produced would be available to any and everyone. • However, Owens’ model had serious flaws as people would often only work as hard as was necessary to survive. Outstanding achievement or ability was not rewarded, and therefore not highly valued. • Owens model was attempted several times in special socialist communities in England, Scotland, and the United States. However, all of the communities failed within a few years.
Communism & Socialism • Communism– a social and economic system where all property and wealth is controlled by a political party dictatorship, and that political party distributes the wealth evenly among everyone in the state. • Communism evolves out of socialism in England in the 1860’s. Two men, Freidrich Engels and Karl Marx decide that Robert Owens’ socialism will never succeed because the rich, the hardworking, and the talented will never agree to be equal or share equally with the poor, lazy, and plain. • Marx and Engels plan is for all of the working class people of the world to unite and through violent revolution, overthrow the rich and powerful. This revolution would be led by a Communist Party, who would then make everyone equal and distribute wealth evenly to all.
Communism & Socialism • Communism becomes a very attractive theory during the Industrial Revolution because it promises a better life for the poor working class who are envious of the upper and middle class. Communist parties form in almost every industrialized country. • However, communism has serious flaws as well. In such a system the leadership of the communist dictatorship often became corrupt because of their immense power. Resources and wealth were often not distributed evenly as the model of communism wished. • The communist model has been tried several times throughout history, on a very large scale. The Soviet Union (Russia from 1917-1990), China, Cuba, and North Korea have all attempted communism for certain periods of time, with mixed results. However, communist parties still exist today.
