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The Reformation

Explore the factors that led to the Reformation, including political, economic, and religious pressures, as well as the significant role of Martin Luther in shaping the movement.

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The Reformation

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  1. TheReformation Historiography • Photo Credits • Sacred Destinations Lucas Cranach • Gertrude Kanu Lee Lai • Stephen Komp Charlotte Nordahl • Mike Reed Alex Bepple • Debra Dinda R. Bean

  2. Multiple Viewpoints • Catholic: reckless revolt • polity / church governance • Protestant: religious vitality • religious vitality • Secular: cultural maze-way • class/cultural struggle

  3. Complex Causes • Derivative: • Many causes had roots in prior century’s struggles • Determinative: • Creative and bold leaders were instrumental in shaping Reformation direction

  4. Demarcating the Reformation • Continental Reformation • 1517-1545 (Wittenberg to Trent) • Breadth / Scope • German (Lutheran) • Swiss (Reformed) • Radical (Anabaptist) • English (Anglican) • Catholic (Counter-reformation)

  5. TheReformation Five Causes ofContinental Reformation • Photo Credits • Sacred Destinations Lucas Cranach • Gertrude Kanu Lee Lai • Stephen Komp Charlotte Nordahl • Mike Reed Alex Bepple • Debra Dinda R. Bean

  6. Education Enhancements • Impact of Nominalism on scholastic theology • Undercut Medieval synthesis • The New Learning(15th-16th centuries) • Impact of Renaissance and Christian humanism

  7. New World Discoveries • Exploration opened up European world to Western hemisphere • Rise of Imperialism— coveting of new world wealth • Political imperialism inspired religious expansion and control

  8. Economic Transformation • Church was draining resources to finance ultramontane agendas • Discontent among peasants exploited by landowners • Merchant class (bourgeois) expanding in power/size

  9. Rising Nationalism – Nation States • From feudalism to centralized monarchies • Splintering the Empire in 16th c • Severance from Papal-Church control • Dissolving ancient ideal of Christendom -- End of an Era

  10. Four Ecclesiastical Pressures • Problems in structure / function of papacy • Secularity / declining authority of hierarchy • Church taxation become more burdensome • Many poor Popes just preceding the Reformation • Religious abuses: interdict / excommunication common • Political intrigue: Questions over papacy’s temporal power raised

  11. Four Ecclesiastical Pressures • Problems in the function of the church • Secularization of clergy • Education: priestly education needed • Simony: creating offices and selling the posts • Sinecures: Salaried position without any work • Injustices/abuses • Indulgence abuses

  12. Four Ecclesiastical Pressures • Doctrinal Confusion: Misunderstanding the source of decadence/decay • Official view of 16th c. reform skewed – moral/practical only • Doctrinal/theological change needed • Failure of all earlier attempts at reform • Mysticism • Conciliarism • Prophetic Messengers

  13. TheReformation The Lutheran Reformationof Martin Luther • Photo Credits • Sacred Destinations Lucas Cranach • Gertrude Kanu Lee Lai • Stephen Komp Charlotte Nordahl • Mike Reed Alex Bepple • Debra Dinda R. Bean

  14. Martin Luther Biographical Sketch • Formative Years to 1517 • Born to Hans Luder (miner) • University of Erfert • Monastery: Augustinian Monk • Ordained: A miserable first mass • Pursuit of Theological Studies • Wittenberg University • Pilgrimage to Rome • Evangelical Breakthrough • Romans 1:16-17 • “97 Theses” Hans Luder Margarethe Luder

  15. Martin Luther Biographical Sketch • Indulgence Developments – 1517 • Archbishop’s request for dispensation • Tetzel preaches the papal Indulgence • Frederick the Wise of Saxony prohibited sale in his territory • Luther shocked by instructions given • Oct. 31 1517 he posts “95 Theses” onWittenberg Castle Church to dispute issue

  16. Schlosskirche - Castle Churchby Alex Bepple

  17. Schlosskirche - Castle Churchby Alex Bepple

  18. Martin Luther Biographical Sketch • Indulgence Developments – 1517 • Archbishop’s request for dispensation • Tetzel preaches the papal Indulgence • Frederick the Wise of Saxony prohibited sale in his territory • Luther shocked by instructions given • Oct. 31 1517 he posts “95 Theses” onWittenberg Castle Church to dispute issue • Rapid dissemination of Theses

  19. Reaction to the “Wild Boar” • Luther Ordered to Give an Account of His Ideas – Diet of Augsburg • The Leipzig Debate, 1519 • Eck vs. Luther – The excommunication • Luther’s Publications • On Good Works • Address to Christian Nobility of the German Nation • Babylonian Captivity of the Church • The Freedom of a Christian

  20. Reaction to the “Wild Boar” • The Diet of Worms - January 1521 “My conscience is a prisoner of God’s word. I cannot and will not recant, for to disobey one’s conscience is neither just nor safe. God help me. Amen.” • Here I stand: by Roland Bainton Motto: “Peace where possible, but truth at any cost.” Edict of Worms: Condemns Luther as heretic Luther is now to be seen as a convicted heretic. He has 21 days from the 15th of April. After that time, no one should give him shelter. His followers also are to be condemned, and his books will be erased from human memory.

  21. Painting of the Diet of Worms in the Lutherhalle, Wittenbergby S Komp

  22. Detail of plaque at Diet of Worms Plaque marking the spot where Luther stood before the Diet of Worms

  23. Reaction to the “Wild Boar” • Frederick the Wise “kidnaps” Luther • Secluded at Wartburg Castle as “Knight George” • Translates Bible into German • Writes “On Monastic Vows”

  24. Reformation Takes Hold 1521-1530 • Problems back at Wittenberg • Karlstadt • The Zwickau Prophets • Eight Days of Wittenberg Sermons • Further Events in the early movement • Political contests helped shield Luther from arrest • Humanist Separation over the nature of man • Radical Reformers like Thomas Muntzer • Peasant Revolt 1524-1525 • Luther’s marriage to Katherine von Bora in 1525 City Church (Stadtkirche)

  25. Painting of Martin Luther being introduced to Katherina von Bora

  26. Katharinenportal & exterior nichePhoto by S. Komp Katherine von Bora

  27. Scenesfromthe Lutherhaus

  28. Politics of Reform • First Diet of Speyer 1526 • cuius regio eius religio – each region its own religion • Second Diet of Speyer 1529 • Protestatio • The Marburg Colloquy 1529 (October) • Consubstantiation vs. Memorial • The Diet of Augsburg 1530 (June) • Augsburg Confession • The Schmalkald League – 1531 • April 15, 1531 deadline for Lutheranism

  29. Political Developments • Ambitious Reunion Plans of Emperor • Charles V’s Great Plan –forced reunion • Assisted by Protestant setbacks • Philip of Hesse sinks his political career • Luther dies (1546) • Schmalkaldic Wars (1546-1552)

  30. Political Developments • Peace of Augsburg 1555 • Equal rights (freedom of religion) extended to Catholics and Lutherans only • Princes determine faith, not populace • Territories/properties revert to holdings as of 1552 • Those dissatisfied with territorial religion allowed one uninhibited emigration to territory of their choice

  31. Reformed Doctrines of Lutheranism Summary of Luther’s Ideology

  32. Reformed Doctrines of Lutheranism • The Book of Concord 1580(Last great Lutheran Creed/Symbols) • Three Universal Creeds of early church • Augsburg Confession • Apology (of Augsburg Confession) • Schmalkald Articles • Small and Large Catechisms • Confessionalism  Protestant Scholasticism

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