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The Reformation

The Reformation. 27 L/R 04.10.2012. DO NOW.

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The Reformation

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  1. The Reformation 27 L/R 04.10.2012

  2. DO NOW TODAY: You got into a fight in the hall. The school rule is that you are suspended when you fight at school. Your mom calls in and is willing to make a big contribution to the levy committee if you can get out of your suspension. The principal agrees. The person you fought with cannot afford to make a contribution so he must spend five days at home as punishment for the fight. What is your reaction to this scenario? Write 5 sentences in your notebook about what you think of this.

  3. Unit 9 Vocabulary Reformation p. 504 Indulgence p. 505 Predestination p. 508 Theocracy p. 508

  4. These are NOT the same person! Do NOT confuse them! MARTIN LUTHER MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR. YES! 1500’s NO! 1960’s

  5. The Origins of the Reformation • German monk Martin Luther visits Rome • Sees the wealth, power, scandal – some bishops and the pope had fathered children (NOT ALLOWED) • Many priests poorly trained, neglected duties, got their jobs because of wealth/connections • Catholic church taxed members, and sold indulgences • Giving money to the church for sins guaranteed entry to heaven • 1517, Luther posted a list of 95 complaints on the door of the Wittenberg Cathedral – “95 Theses” • Church viewed this as an attack, excommunicated Luther • Luther put on trial in Rome, refused to take back his criticism • Trial called the Diet of Worms • Made him an outlaw, was a crime to give him food/shelter • Throughout Germany, Luther was a hero

  6. Luther’s ideas spread across Europe, leads to protestants • People who are protesting the authority of the Church • French protestant John Calvin publishes The Institutes of Christian Religion (1536) • Major authority on Protestant thought • Salvation based on faith alone, Bible is the only truth • Teaches predestination: God long ago determined who would gain salvation • No one knows who was chosen, so everyone should lead God-fearing lives • No free will to choose salvation • Created a “city of God” in Geneva, Switzerland • Was a theocracy – governed by religious leaders • Protestantism spread throughout Europe • 1534 Luther publishes first Bible in German • William Tyndale prints first English translation of the New Testament • Tried for heresy by the Catholic Church, burned at the stake

  7. HOMEWORK – Due next class You must write an indulgence and explain why it was necessary to buy. OR You will explain what Martin Luther thinks about salvation, and why it is not necessary to buy indulgences. THIS MUST BE AT LEAST ½ A PAGE IN YOUR NOTEBOOK, OTHERWISE ZERO CREDIT WILL BE GIVEN.

  8. Exit Slip Why do you think that so many people joined the Protestant movement? Name at least three abuses of the Catholic Church in the 1500’s. What are the basic teachings of John Calvin?

  9. Do Now 04.13.2012 29 L/R The principal believes that every teacher needs to give homework every night. He is the boss and the ultimate authority in the school. A teacher believes that homework is not appropriate every night and therefore does not follow the rule and encourages others to break the rule as well. She narrowly misses being fired by the board of education on a 3-2 vote. What is your reaction to this scenario? Write 5 sentences in your notebook about what you think of this.

  10. Unit 9 Vocabulary Counter-Reformation p. 512 Jesuits p. 512 Council of Trent p. 514

  11. The Counter-Reformation • Leaders of the Catholic Church began to make changes, feeling attacked by the Protestants • Reformers won respect for the Catholics by helping the poor, teaching Catholicism, being spiritual • Led by Ignatius Loyola from Spain, started the Jesuits • Like a military troop with Loyola as the general; strict discipline, years of training before becoming a full Jesuit. • Jesuits helped correct some of the problems of the Church • Expanded the membership with the help of missionaries in Africa, Asia, and the Americas • Founded schools, universities • Served as advisors to kings and popes

  12. Pope Paul III (1545) calls a series of meetings called the Council of Trent to find ways to make the Catholic Church #1 and stop Protestantism • Says Bible is not the only source of truth • Faith alone will not bring salvation, also need good work and sacraments • People have free will • Priests must be at least 25 and have an education • Church enforced the Council’s decisions through the Inquisition • Still around from the Middle Ages • Pope said that the Inquisition was not supposed to be “gentle” • Targeted Protestants living in Catholic areas • Church published the Index of Forbidden Books • Protestant authors, inc. Martin Luther, John Calvin, Tyndale

  13. Group Work You are members of a school club. You think the club leaders are not doing a good job. The club is not run well. The club leaders are using club money for their own benefit. The club has a lot of rules that you don’t agree with. It’s not fun to be a member anymore. What can you and the other club members do to make some changes? Create a three-column chart. In the first, list possible actions you might want to take. In the second, list possible benefits of each action. In the third, list possible negative consequences of each action.

  14. Exit Slip What was the Counter-Reformation? What beliefs did the Catholic Church affirm at the Council of Trent? How did the Catholic Church responded to Protestant religious ideas?

  15. Vocabulary : Unit 9 Annulment p. 517 Act of Supremacy p. 517 Edict p. 518 Armada p. 519 You will be having a vocabulary quiz on Wednesday, April 25th.

  16. The Division of Christendom 30 L/R 04.16.2012 Do Now: The superintendent of your school district has made his wife the assistant superintendent. He also has hired his son to teach and coach in one of his schools. What could possibly be the problem with this situation? Answer in your notebook! 

  17. The Division of Christendom 30 L/R04.16.2012 • Europe is divided into two by religion; many bitter religious wars for a century • Protestant Northern Europe • Lutheran churches in Northern Germany, Sweden, Denmark Norway, Poland • Calvinism in Switzerland, Scotland, the Netherlands • Religious Warfare in Germany • S. Germany sided with Catholic Church • 1547 Holy Roman Emperor’s troops defeated a group of protestants • Forced some Germans to convert back to Catholicism, started wars • 1555 Peace of Augsburg said the prince of each region decides the religion; Germany now a group of independent regions with different religions • Catholic Southern Europe (Italy, Spain, France) • Catholic king of France allowed Huguenots (French Protestants) to worship freely • 1534 Huguenots started protesting the Catholics; many arrested/burned • St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre (1572) sees 3000 Huguenots killed in Paris alone

  18. Henry of Navarre was heir to the throne, but Protestant; Catholics would not accept him as King • Converted to Catholicism, crowned Henry IV • Ended civil wars in France • Signed the Edict of Nantes (1598); Catholic church is official church of France, but Huguenots can practice freely • Philip II, Catholic king of Spain supported the Inquisition • 1555 inherited control of the Netherlands, set up Inquisition there • Led to war for 75 years, Spain lost control when Queen Elizabeth I of England sent troops/$ to help the Dutch • 1588 Philip sends an armada to attack England • Ships entered the English Channel, were attacked and sank by the English • Spain’s power weakened forever, very embarrassing • Thirty Years’ War • 1618 Catholic Holy Roman Emperor fights Protestant rebels in Prague (Czech Republic) • Many countries get involved, destroy much of Germany • Peace of Westphalia (1648) says people can practice their own religion even if different from their king

  19. Please answer questions #1-3 on page 520 in your textbook.

  20. Exit Slip What was the Counter-Reformation? What beliefs did the Catholic Church affirm at the Council of Trent? How did the Catholic Church responded to Protestant religious ideas?

  21. Henry VIII 31 L/R 04.18.2012 Do Now: Fill in the following for the “Division of Christendom” (your notes on Monday or Tuesday!) WHO: Philip II, Elizabeth I, Martin Luther/John Calvin, Pope Paul III, St. Bartholomew WHAT: Catholics and Protestants are fighting each other in Europe WHEN: WHERE: WHY:

  22. Henry VIII 31 L/R 04.18.2012 • Martin Luther was criticized by King Henry VIII of England • Burned Protestants or exiled them from England • King Henry VIII is handsome, intelligent, powerful and VERY arrogant • 1529, everything changed when Henry wanted divorce from wife #1, Catherine of Aragon • Pope refused to sign an annulment ending the marriage • Didn’t like Henry • Henry was angry that he didn’t have a son, blamed his wife • Henry is furious, marries his girlfriend Anne Boleyn without permission • 1534, Henry declares England independent of the Catholic Church • Pass the Act of Supremacy, making Henry leader of the Church of England

  23. Henry marries four more times! • Beheads Anne Boleyn for having affairs • Marries #3 Jane Seymour, but she dies having a baby • Marries #4 Anne of Cleves after only seeing her picture, decides she is ugly in person and divorces after 6 months • Marries #5 Kathryn Howard, beheaded for having affairs • Marries #6 Katherine Parr… and Henry dies.

  24. Vocabulary Absolute monarchy p. 522 Constitutional monarchy p. 524 Versailles p. 523 – it’s at the top (not in blue!) Divine Right of Kings p. 522

  25. The Political Impact of the Reformation 32 L/R 04.20.2012 Do Now: Why did King Henry VIII pass the Act of Supremacy? Why did Henry need a divorce from Catherine of Aragon? What happened to Anne Boleyn? Why?

  26. The Political Impact of the Reformation 32 L/R 04.19.2012 • Secular leaders are gaining power; have large armies • Power of the Pope is weakening as he was being ignored by the monarchs • France: • Absolute monarchy – have complete control over all their subjects, money, government • Louis XIV – believes in the divine right of kings, calls himself the “sun king” as he is the center of France’s universe • Does everything in France, appoints Church officials • Gets armies in every town, raises taxes to pay for roads and his palace called Versailles • Closed Protestant churches • England • Power of the monarch is limited thanks to the Magna Carta

  27. Parliament has to approve taxes, leads to a conflict with the king • Parliament and king both have armies, fight in a Civil War in 1642 • King loses, is executed • England declares itself a republic (no monarchy) until 1660 • New king of England threatened to make England Catholic again • Parliament asked a Dutch prince named William of Orange to become King instead • Was married to Mary, the King’s daughter • 1688 William and Mary arrive and capture the throne, called the Glorious Revolution • English Bill of Rights is passed, protects the rights of people (property, worship, speech, money etc.) • Establishes a constitutional monarchy in England

  28. Experiments in Self-Government Do Now 32 L/R 04.23.2012 • Compare the governments that arose in England and France • At least 3 bullet points for each • How did Europe’s religious wars strengthen the power of secular rulers? • Why was the Pope’s power weakening?

  29. Experiments in Self-Government • Protestant nations are gaining experience in self-government • Starts off in Geneva with Calvin; members elect leaders of church • Individual participation in church is encouraged; must read the Bible for yourself • Expressing view on religion leads to politics • In Germany, John Althusius believes that his city should be free to rule itself • Influenced by Calvin: church is subject to God’s law, not government • Writes about federalism • Form of government that says power is shared between local and national • Inspires the Constitution

  30. How did John Calvin’s theocracy affect Geneva? How did the Jesuits contribute their efforts to the Counter-Reformation? Why did Henry IV issue an edict about religion? When Philip II attacked England, what happened to his armada? How did Louis XIV rule as an absolute monarch in France? Why was England a constitutional monarchy?

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