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Child Development

Child Development. Chapter 8. Influences on Prenatal Development. Teratogens: Factors in the environment that can harm the developing fetus. Alcohol Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Smoking Low birth weight Increased risk of miscarriage and still birth Delayed cognitive development.

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Child Development

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  1. Child Development Chapter 8

  2. Influences on Prenatal Development • Teratogens: Factors in the environment that can harm the developing fetus. • Alcohol • Fetal Alcohol Syndrome • Smoking • Low birth weight • Increased risk of miscarriage and still birth • Delayed cognitive development

  3. Physical Development • Infants triple in weight & increase body length by 1/3 in the 1st year. • Some Early Gross Motor Milestones. • Averages. • Effected by Cultural Influences. MilestoneMonths Rolls Over 2 to 4 Sits without support 5 to 7 Stands holding onto furniture 8 to 9 Creeps on hands and knees 9 to 10 Stands without support 10 to 13 Walks alone 11 to 14 Walks up stairs alone 21 to 25

  4. Perceptual Development • “Looking” Studies • Recognizing parents, colors, old stimuli • Depth perception in infants • Visual Cliff • Is it soon enough?!

  5. Stage theories • All humans move through a ordered series of stages. • Each stage is associated with developmental goals.

  6. Assimilation Incorporated Updated Schema New Knowledge Accommodation Change Updated Schema New Knowledge Constructivism….

  7. Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development • Stage 1: Sensorimotor (0-2) • Object Permanence • Mental representation • Self recognition

  8. Piaget’s Theory • Stage 2:Preoperational (2-7) • Symbolic Play • Egocentric thought ….my dog

  9. Piaget’s Theory • Stage 3: Concrete Operational (7-11) • Principal of Conservation • Stage 4: Formal Operational • Abstract thought and logical reasoning

  10. Developmental Research Methods • Cross-Sectional Study • Cohort Effects • Longitudinal Study • Biographical Study

  11. Key Issues Early On Social Referencing Attachment - Temperament interaction between caregiver and infant. Comfort contact (Harlow) culturally influenced Making friends buffers - support learn to function in society Adolescence Conformity Need to Belong (Maslow’s Hierarchy p.376) Identity Crisis (Erikson) Social Development

  12. Attachment • Strange Situation • Secure attachment (60-65%) • Insecure attachment • avoidant (20%) • ambivalent (10%) • Ambivalent (mixed) Openness to Environment and the Caregiver

  13. High Quality care better socialization skills buffer difficult home environment more social than cognitive benefits Low Quality Care negative social adjustment (boys) poor emotional development. Day-Care and Attachment

  14. Low volume of children. Good ratio of children to caretaker. Stability - low caretaker turn-over. Caretakers with sufficient training & experience. More attention to each child. Sensitivity to children’s needs. increased verbal stimulation. Qualities of Good Day Care

  15. Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development • Trust vs. Mistrust • Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt • Initiative vs. Guilt • Industry vs. Inferiority • Identity vs. Role Confusion P. 336

  16. Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development • Intimacy vs. Isolation • Generativity vs. Self-Absorbtion • Integrity vs. Despair

  17. Hierarchy of Needs Maslow, 1970 Self- Actualization Esteem Needs Need to Belong Safety Needs Physiological Needs p. 376

  18. Contextual Theories of Development • Bronfenbrenner - Ecological Systems Theory • focus on social and cultural climate. • relationships between individual and the environment. • Direct and indirect. • Systems approach.

  19. Parenting Style

  20. How We Get Old…. • Stochastic Theory • wear & tear • free radicals • Pre-Programmed • teleomeres • immune/endocrine systems

  21. Theories of Cognitive Aging • Successful Aging • SOC Model (Baltes) • Generalized vs. Specific • Common Cause Hypothesis

  22. Facing the End of Life • KÜbler-Ross stages of dying • Denial • Anger • Bargaining • Depression • Acceptance

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