4.How can power be maintained?

1. 4.How can power be maintained? Modernisation World Systems Dependency Warm up! Complete the sheet of heads and tails by matching the correct statements with a line – refer back to notes if stuck. If finished consider how the theories suggest power is or maintained (e.g. how are countries kept dependent/ low level of Rostow’s model?)

2. How can power be maintained? Modernisation World Systems Dependency Warm up! Complete the sheet of heads and tails by matching the correct statements with a line – refer back to notes if stuck. If finished consider how the theories suggest power is gained or maintained (e.g. how are countries kept dependent/ low level of Rostow’s model?)

3. Superpower Geographies2. Impacts and influences of Superpowers a) The changes from colonial rule to indirect neo-colonial ruleb) Key roles in international decision making, policy and action c) Control of trade d) Superpower influence in the idea of developing a ‘global culture’ • Learning Objectives: • Understand how superpower rule has changed from colonial rule to indirect neo-colonial rule • Assess the mechanisms of neo-colonial control – trade, aid and debt

4. 4.2.1 How can power be maintained? Mechanisms of Colonial Control What mechanisms of control are there? These Images can help.

5. 4.2.1 How can power be maintained? Mechanisms of Colonial Control What mechanisms of control are there? These Images can help.

6. Era of decolonialisation Independence brought about conflict rather than immediate freedom for 3 main reasons • Colonial borders did not match religious or ethnic boundaries = conflict • Colonies had a government but indigenous people excluded from running them = lack of experience • As colonial powers left, insurgents pushed them out = violence

7. Neo-Colonialism • A form of indirect control over developing countries, most of them former colonies Direct political control decreased whilst economic control increased • Economic dependence on primary goods • Economic dominance of multinational companies • Impact of foreign aid and foreign debt

8. How were they being indirectly controlled? • Aid Often given with ‘strings attached’ forcing the developing countries to spend it in particular ways 2) Trade Low raw material export prices contrast with high prices that developing countries have to pay for manufactured goods 3) Debt Many developing countries pay huge sums of money to developed countries each year in interest

9. Neo-colonialism? • Left-wing geographers argue that superpowers use subtle, indirect ways to maintain power today • These ways are often termed neo-colonialism • Aid is often given to allies and ‘friends’ rather than the most needy countries (see table), and much aid is ‘tied’ in various ways. • Debt repayments channel money from the developing to the developed world • Even debt relief schemes, such as the HIPC scheme (see map) have been criticised • For HIPC countries to qualify for debt relief, they must follow the economic policies of bankers in the developed world Note the total lack of overlap between the most indebted nations and the top 10 receivers of US aid.

10. Ghana @ 50: success or failure? • In 1957 gained independence from British Colonial rule. • Read pg 152-157 Oxford and extra sheets on blog • Using table of development indicators for Ghana on p.152. In what ways has Ghana • Made progress? • Fallen behind?

11. Create a mind map around the key phrase ‘neo-colonialism a bridge between the developed and developing nations using Ghana as an example’

12. Exam Question • Using examples, assess the view that the relationship between the developed and the developing world is a neo-colonial one’ (15 marks)