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Phylum Chordata Class Amphibia

This text provides information about the unique characteristics and life cycle of amphibians, such as frogs and salamanders. It covers topics such as their reproductive methods, heart structure, digestive system, hearing abilities, and coloration. The text also highlights the different orders of amphibians and their specific traits.

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Phylum Chordata Class Amphibia

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  1. Phylum ChordataClass Amphibia

  2. Class Amphibia 1. Lay eggs in water 2. Cold blooded 3. Moist skin 4. It breaths with Gills as young, lungs and skin as adults 5. 2 life cycles, tadpole and adult. 6. Legs – a. Front for absorbing landing b. Back for pushing and jumping

  3. Difference betweentadpole and adult frog • TadpoleAdult Frog • Gills Skin or lungs • Tailed No Tail • Herbivore Carnivore

  4. E. 3 chambered heart 1. 2 atriums – upper chambers, right chamber has deoxygenated blood and left chamber has oxygenated blood. 2. 1 ventricle – center, Oxygenated blood from left atrium, main pumping chamber, up into both atriums. F. Waste 1. Kidneys – remove Nitrogenous 2. Large amounts of dilute urine because of osmosis occurring through the skin G. Limbs 1. Frogs, newts, toads and salamanders have 4 limbs stick out sideways a. Back legs – used mainly for lift off and jumping b. Front legs – used mainly for absorbing the fall from the jump c. Some species have suction cups on their feet that have a variety of uses. d. Apoda – Legless amphibians

  5. Frog’s Heart

  6. Frog’s Heart Body and left lung Body and Right lung Lower body Left Lung Right Atrium Left Atrium Ventricle

  7. H. External Fertilization • 1. Amplexus – male frog climbs on the females back, wraps his arms around her body and uses his large thumbs to push her eggs out. While eggs are leaving the cloaca, male deposits sperm directly on her eggs, fertilizing them as they enter the water. • LARGE THUMBS can be an indicator of gender before dissection.

  8. Digestive Track • 1. Mouth • 2. Esophagus – gullet • 3. Stomach • 4. Pyloric Sphincter – lower part of stomach • 5. Duodenum – upper end of small intestines • 6. Ileum – lower end of small intestines • 7. Large intestines • 8. Cloaca • 9. Anus

  9. J. Digestive system accessory organs • 1. Liver – produces bile, fat emulsifier • 2. Gall Bladder – stores excess bile • 3. Pancreas – produces pancreatic juices that secretes into the stomach and small intestines. • K. Mesentary – flexible tissue that holds and connects all the organs together inside the frogs body. (Connective Tissue) • Peritonenum – Covering over the heart

  10. 2. Order Urodela A. Newts and salamanders B. Size – no longer than 15 cm C. Larvae are fully aquatic with gills and a tail D. 300 species

  11. 3. Order Apoda A. ex. caecilians (worm-like amphibians) B. 160 species

  12. 4. Order Anura A. ex. Frogs and toads B. 2500 species C. Some live part of their life in water, some are permanently aquatic. D. Toads can live without water E. Frogs shed their skin and can eat it! F. Anura means tailless G. Return to water to reproduce H. Hatched eggs become tadpoles I. Most go through metamorphosis to become adults.

  13. Frog Cycle • 7-10 days tadpole hatches from egg • 6-9 weeks legs sprout out • 12 weeks tail disappears and adult frog

  14. F. Frogs hearing 1. Tympanic Membrane –Frogs external ear drum on each side of their head. 2. Tympanum means drum. 3. The size and distance between the ears depends on the wavelength and frequency of a male frogs mating call. Females can only her their male species mating call

  15. (1) Round pupils: Some frogs have round pupils just like you and me. Newts and Salamanders also have round pupils. (2) Vertical pupils: Vertical pupils that look like a cats eye are really good for night vision and respond quickly to changes in light. (3) Horizontal-Shaped pupils: These are the more common pupil, good for normal day-vision. Nictitating Membrane – known as the third eye lid. It’s under the lower lid and protects the eye.

  16. G. Frog colors and warning signals 1. Bright colors signifies a warning – saying “I’m poisonous” 2. Other colors are for camouflage to hide from predators.

  17. Golden Dart FrogMost poisonous Frog

  18. Smallest frog in the worldPaedrophryne Amauensis

  19. Mouth structures and more • Maxillary – Row of teeth on the upper jaw. • Vomerine – a pair of teeth, Between nostril holes inside mouth on upper palate. • Eustachian Tubes – lead to the ear drums-Tympanic membrane • Glottis – pathway to the lungs. • Esophagus – pathway to the stomach • Fatty bodies - fat, noodle-like that insulate frog and protect organs. • Eye Sockets – Eyes literally sink into mouth (skin protects eye ball inside mouth) when frog swallows helping it push food down it’s throat. • Tongue – forked to wrap around prey, front bottom of mouth. • Rib cage – no a frog lack ribs.

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