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Phylum Chordata

Phylum Chordata. --Invertebrate chordates: tunicates and lancelets. --Vertebrate chordates: fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals. Characteristics (embryonic development). Dorsal hollow nerve cord Notochord—firm flexible supporting rod located just below the nerve cord

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Phylum Chordata

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  1. Phylum Chordata --Invertebrate chordates: tunicates and lancelets --Vertebrate chordates: fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals

  2. Characteristics (embryonic development) • Dorsal hollow nerve cord • Notochord—firm flexible supporting rod located just below the nerve cord • Gill slits—paired opening along the pharynx • Post anal tail…extends beyond the anus

  3. Endothermic • Warm blooded..temp is controlled by internal processes • Ectothermic • Cold blooded..temp is regulated by external environment

  4. Three Subphylums • Urochordata --tunicates (sea squirts) --most adults are sessile, squirt water when disturbed

  5. 2. Cephalochordata • Lancelets • Can swim but prefer to stay buried in the sand • Filter feeders

  6. 3. Vertebrata (humans) • Animals with backbones • Dorsal hollow nerve cord becomes the spinal cord and brain • Notochord is the backbone • Gill slits become other breathing organs • Tails are kept in most vertebrate animals

  7. Six Classes • Agnatha --no jaw (jawless fish) --skeleton made of cartilage --snake-like body without paired fins (not good swimmers)

  8. Examples • Lampreys—attach to other fish using their round mouth and its rasping parts (parasites) • Hagfish—scavengers, move slowing through cold water using tentacles to locate dead and dying fish

  9. Hagfish

  10. Bellringer • Have you ever gone fishing? Tell me about your experience. OR • Pick your favorite fish and describe it. Why do you like it.

  11. 2. Chondrichthyes • Sharks, skates, rays • General characteristics • Skeleton mostly made of cartilage • Have scales made of dentin • Excellent sense of smell • Lateral line picks up vibrations

  12. Sharks—torpedo shape body • fertilization is internal and the eggs develop internally • Young sharks are called pups • Must keep moving to keep water flowing through gills • Oily liver helps buoyancy

  13. Skates and Rays—basically benthic (bottom) lie and wait animals • Have a tail which can cause pain • Pectoral fins are expanded and they look like they are gliding in the water

  14. 3. Osteichthyes • Characteristics • Bony skeleton—bony fishes • Swim bladder • Scales • Paired fins • Operculum flap covering gills • 2 chambered heart • kidneys

  15. Bellringer • Page 608…Read the life cycle section • Using complete sentences, explain the life cycle of a frog

  16. Bellringer • Compare and contrast the animals in the class chondrichthyes to the animals in the class osteichthyes.

  17. 4. Amphibians • frogs, salamanders, toads, caecilians • Spend part of their life in the water and part living on land • Tadpole  Frog

  18. Frogs • Have a nictitating membrane over their eye…keeps eye moist in air and protects in the water • Hear through a tympanic membrane (detect sound through air and water

  19. Digestive System • Path of food  Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, cloaca • Undigested food along with products from the excretory system and reproductive system empty into the cloaca

  20. Respiratory • Breathe using lungs • Diffuse oxygen through skin (must stay moist) • Tadpoles have gills for gas exchange

  21. Circulation • Double loop circulation • Three chambered heart • Deoxygenated blood flows to the heart, then it is pumped to the lungs where it is oxygenated, then it flows back the heart to be pumped to the rest of the body

  22. Page 608 Metamorphosis • Frogs are the only amphibian to go through this process • Egg • Tadpole…tail, gills, lives in water • Frog…no tail,lungs,has legs, lives on land

  23. Bellringer • A froggie eats bugs. Tell me the pathway that the bugs will travel as they go from the froggie’s mouth to its anus.

  24. Bellringer • Look at the five pictures on page 804 • List some adaptations that you see for these reptiles. • Must have at least 5

  25. 5. Reptiles • Ectothermic • Egg-laying..soft, leathery shells • Scaly dry skin..adaptable to life on land • Internal fertilization

  26. Breathe with lungs • Endoskeleton • 3-chambered heart except crocodilians • Kidneys remove wastes and absorb most of the water • Shed skin

  27. Eggs are called Amniotic eggs b/c they have a fluid filled amnion sac which surrounds the embryo

  28. 6. Aves • Feathers • Contour feathers—have a stiff central barb • Down feathers—short shafts, for insulation • Oil gland at base of feather..waterproof

  29. Wing flow • Bones are hollow to reduce density • Fused collarbone and vertebra…furcula

  30. 4-chambered heart • Endothermic (warm blooded) • High metabolism (eat a lot!)

  31. Digestive system..crop (storage), gizzard (grinding…often contains stones)

  32. Unique respiratory system • Anterior and posterior air sacs in addition to lungs • Air flows in air sacs in only one direction (pg 810)

  33. Excretion..no urinary bladder • Special glands around the eyes remove excess salts

  34. 7. Mammals • Mammary glands..produce milk to nurse young • Fur or hair • Endothermic • Well developed brains • Internal fertilization…live birth

  35. Breathe with lungs • Contain air sacs • Diaphragm..muscle under lungs which helps breathing • Examples… • Monotremes: mammal that lays eggs (duck-billed platypus

  36. Marsupials: Kangaroo..give birth to small immature young that further develop inside mom’s pouch (Pg 829) • Placental: young develops more fully before birth • Placenta..organ attached to mom and fetus

  37. Mammalian Teeth • Page 823 Orders of Placental Mammals • Page 830

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